Privacy projects that PriFi.info follows but does not count in its figures: confidential token layers, privacy-focused blockchains and layer 2s, networks for banks, wallet standards, Bitcoin layers and stablecoin features. Each card says what the project hides and from whom, who backs it and what it did last, with its sources.
31 projects
12 live with users
13 launched on mainnet
2 on testnet
4 at the research stage
Checked on 16 Oct 2026. Listing is not an endorsement. Information only, not investment advice.
Why they are not counted
The headline figures on this site measure two things: private DeFi TVL, the value held in privacy protocols as tracked by DefiLlama, and the privacy-asset float, the market value of the seven coins in the privacy-coin basket. The projects below belong to the same field, and some are the networks and standards that private apps are built on, so the site follows them. But they do not fit either measure.
Networks, not deposits
The value on a privacy-focused blockchain, layer 2 or Bitcoin layer is that network's own economy, and a stablecoin's supply is money in circulation. Neither is a pool of deposits held in a privacy protocol.
Activity out of public view
Networks for banks and regulated markets keep most activity among the parties involved, so it cannot be measured from public data.
Nothing held to measure
Standards, wallet software and research programmes hold no deposits of their own, and projects on testnet hold no real funds.
Counted where they can be
Where a project's own apps hold deposits that DefiLlama tracks, those apps are in the protocol list, and the card says whether they count: Shield Swap and Zama do; Namada Shielded Pools and Penumbra DEX do not.
Confidential tokens and computing
5 projects
Layers that keep balances, amounts or other data encrypted on existing chains, with techniques such as fully homomorphic encryption, multi-party computation and zero-knowledge proofs.
Zama Protocol (FHEVM)
Live with users
Zama's FHEVM lets ordinary EVM smart contracts compute on values encrypted with fully homomorphic encryption, and the Zama Protocol runs it as a confidentiality layer on Ethereum, where it has been live since 30 Dec 2025, with confidential versions of ERC-20 tokens such as USDT under the ERC-7984 standard. Its confidential token wrappers already count in this site's tracked TVL; this entry follows the wider protocol.
What is hidden, and from whom
Balances, transfer amounts and values inside confidential apps are hidden from the public, but sending and receiving addresses, timing and the amounts wrapped and unwrapped stay visible. Decryption relies on a key shared between 13 operators under a two-thirds majority rule, and wrapper owners can appoint observers who can decrypt every balance and transfer.
Backers
Zama, an open-source cryptography company led by chief executive Rand Hindi; investors in its $73M Series A (2024) and $57M Series B (2025) include Multicoin Capital, Protocol Labs, Pantera Capital and Blockchange.
Latest milestone
Went live with 16 confidential vaults on Morpho; its September recap, published on 1 Oct 2026, also described the Zama Confidential Swap Protocol, which lets depositors move between confidential assets and vault shares, and put shielded TVL above $90M, up from more than $40M in June.
On this siteZama is in the protocol list and counts in private DeFi TVL; see its profile.
Fhenix CoFHE
Testnet
Fhenix builds CoFHE, a fully homomorphic encryption coprocessor that runs encrypted computation off chain for contracts on existing EVM chains, including dual-mode tokens whose balances and transfers can be shielded on demand. CoFHE runs on the Ethereum Sepolia, Arbitrum Sepolia and Base Sepolia testnets.
What is hidden, and from whom
Inputs, contract state and outputs stay encrypted, so values are hidden from the public, while contract logic remains transparent; Fhenix says only the values are encrypted, which implies that addresses stay visible.
Backers
More than $22M raised: a $15M Series A led by Hack VC and a $7M seed round with investors including Multicoin Capital and Collider Ventures, plus strategic investments from Tandem, the venture arm of Offchain Labs, and from BIPROGY and Translink Capital.
Next milestone
Scheduled, not yet confirmed: a countdown on its home page on 16 Oct 2026 gave this date for encrypted smart contracts to go live on Ethereum and Arbitrum mainnets, while the same page's FAQ still described mainnet as planned.
Inco
Mainnet
Inco is a confidentiality layer for existing blockchains: its Inco Lightning library adds encrypted data types to standard Solidity contracts, and its cToken app and SDK let developers deploy confidential versions of ERC-20 tokens on Base. Inco Lightning has been on Base mainnet since 15 Jun 2026, Inco announced a Celo deployment on 27 Aug 2026 and it has run a beta on Solana devnet since 9 Jan 2026.
What is hidden, and from whom
Balances and transfer amounts are encrypted on chain so that only the holder can read them, and holders can unshield at any time; Inco's launch post does not say which details, such as addresses, stay public, or describe the trust model behind decryption.
Backers
A $4.5M round led by 1kx (Feb 2024) and a $5M strategic round led by a16z CSX with Coinbase Ventures (Apr 2025); Inco set up the Confidential Token Association with OpenZeppelin and Zama in Apr 2025 and published a confidential ERC-20 framework with Circle Research in Oct 2024.
Latest milestone
The cToken app and SDK went live on Base mainnet, letting developers deploy confidential versions of ERC-20 tokens.
Arcium
Mainnet
Arcium is a confidential computing network for Solana, not a blockchain of its own, that runs computations on encrypted data with multi-party computation and is developing C-SPL, a confidential SPL token standard for private balances and amounts. Its Mainnet Alpha has run on Solana mainnet since early February 2026 in a permissioned configuration.
What is hidden, and from whom
Inputs are secret-shared across a cluster of nodes, so no single node sees the data, and results settle on Solana. Arcium's Cerberus protocol, which it describes as dishonest-majority and detect-and-abort, keeps inputs private as long as at least one node in the cluster is honest and aborts rather than return a corrupted result.
Backers
Its site shows Coinbase Ventures, Jump Crypto, Solana and the NVIDIA Inception Program under 'Trusted by global institutions' without describing them as investors, and gives no funding figures; in Feb 2026 Arcium said it had acquired Inpher's core team and technology.
Latest milestone
Announced that Mainnet Alpha was live on Solana mainnet, secured by a first cluster of independent node operators in a permissioned configuration, with Umbra's private mainnet as the first application and C-SPL described as approaching its final stages.
Solana's Token-2022 program includes a confidential transfer extension, marketed as Confidential Balances, which keeps token balances and transfer amounts encrypted and checks them with zero-knowledge proofs verified by a native ZK ElGamal proof program. A mint has to enable the extension when the token is created.
What is hidden, and from whom
Balances and transfer amounts are hidden from the public, but token account addresses stay visible; a mint can set an auditor key whose holder can decrypt every transfer amount for that token.
Backers
Part of Solana's Token Extensions program; the proof program is switched on and off by validator feature gates defined in clients such as Anza's Agave.
Latest milestone
The ZK ElGamal proof program, first enabled on mainnet on 23 Jan 2025 and disabled on 19 Jun 2025, was re-enabled at epoch 982 on 4 Jun 2026, according to the on-chain feature accounts.
Layer 2s and privacy networks
4 projects
Networks, most of them built on Ethereum, that keep transactions, contract state or data private.
Aztec Network
Mainnet
Aztec is a privacy-preserving layer 2 that settles to Ethereum, with decentralised sequencing, proving and governance; its Alpha V5 release, activated by token-holder governance on 21 Jul 2026, supports private transactions and apps such as Nyx, which offers private yield on Aave. Aztec says the network remains in alpha, and after disclosing a critical proving-system flaw on 7 Aug 2026 it told users to treat funds and applications on V5 as exposed to a protocol-level failure until its incident response is complete.
What is hidden, and from whom
Private state is stored in encrypted notes and private functions are proven on the user's device, so balances and contract data are not exposed to the network or the public unless a contract makes them public.
Backers
Aztec Foundation; protocol upgrades pass through on-chain governance by AZTEC token holders.
Latest milestone
Published a post-quantum roadmap and said critical vulnerabilities found by its AI audit tooling had been patched in the upcoming V6 release, which it plans for later in 2026.
Miden
Testnet
Miden is a privacy-focused network, still on testnet, in which users execute transactions on their own devices and submit proofs, aimed at private payments and finance for businesses such as neobanks. Testnet v0.16, released on 14 Sep 2026, is billed as the last major testnet release before mainnet, for which no date has been given.
What is hidden, and from whom
Private accounts hide balances and transactions by default, and users can disclose selected information to auditors or authorities; Guardian, a private state service co-built with OpenZeppelin, backs up and syncs private state without a custodian holding keys.
Backers
Its site pictures investors including a16z crypto, 1kx and Hack VC; no funding amount or date is given on the pages checked.
Latest milestone
Released testnet v0.16, adding encrypted private inputs, as the last major testnet release before mainnet.
Starknet privacy (STRK20)
Mainnet
Starknet, an Ethereum layer 2, added in-protocol proof verification for privacy with release v0.14.2, announced on its blog on 20 Apr 2026, and runs STRK20, a privacy pool that lets ERC-20 tokens be held and moved in shielded form. strkBTC launched with shielded balances on 12 May 2026 and private USDC features followed on 25 Jun 2026.
What is hidden, and from whom
Inside the pool, each transaction's proof is verified without revealing sender, receiver or amount; deposits, withdrawals and the fact that someone uses the pool remain public, and viewing keys give scoped visibility for compliance.
Backers
StarkWare publishes the privacy code in its starkware-libs/starknet-privacy repository; apps building on it include avnu, Ekubo, Endur and Xverse.
Latest milestone
Opened its privacy stack to builders, saying STRK20 shielded balances had already been live on mainnet for some time.
Nillion
Mainnet
Nillion is a blind computation network for storing and processing data without exposing it, aimed at private data and AI rather than token transfers; it moved to Ethereum in January 2026, launched its Blacklight network in February 2026 and is moving Blacklight node operations from its own layer 2 to Ethereum mainnet.
What is hidden, and from whom
Blacklight nodes hold encrypted shares of each payload and publish them only once a contract-defined condition, which Nillion calls a Covenant, is met.
Backers
Nillion; its news page links press coverage of a $25M raise in Oct 2024 and of more than $20M raised in Dec 2022, without naming investors.
Latest milestone
Began migrating Blacklight nodes from its layer 2 to Ethereum mainnet, with the Ethereum-based network scheduled to start on 5 Oct 2026 and the layer 2 to be halted later in the year; Nillion's news page showed no announcement that the launch had happened by 16 Oct 2026.
Privacy-focused blockchains
7 projects
Layer 1 chains with privacy built into the protocol, through shielded pools, encrypted records, zero-knowledge proofs or secure hardware.
Penumbra
Live with users
Penumbra is a cross-chain proof-of-stake network and exchange in the Cosmos ecosystem, where assets brought in over IBC are shielded and can be traded, provided as liquidity and staked privately. Its website, which has moved from penumbra.zone to penumbra.exchange, showed a 30-day DEX volume of $3.77M on 16 Oct 2026.
What is hidden, and from whom
Transfers into Penumbra shield assets, and trades and liquidity positions are made without revealing the account behind them, using zero-knowledge proofs generated on the user's device; transfers out unshield the assets.
Backers
Penumbra Labs develops the core protocol; its site also lists Radiant Commons for advocacy and Starling Cybernetics as validator and infrastructure provider.
Latest milestone
Published node releases v2.1.1 and v2.0.6 with CometBFT updates; the last consensus-breaking release, v2.1.0 of 28 Aug 2025, required a governance upgrade proposal.
On this sitePenumbra DEX is in the protocol list but not counted (no reliable data): DefiLlama's adapter stopped updating in June 2025.
Namada
Live with users
Namada is a proof-of-stake chain built around a multi-asset shielded pool that gives native and IBC-bridged assets one shared shielded set; its mainnet started on 3 Dec 2024 and its five-phase launch was completed on 20 Jun 2025.
What is hidden, and from whom
All asset types in the shielded pool, fungible or not, share one anonymity set rather than one pool per asset, so transfers inside it are hidden from the public; moving assets into and out of the pool is visible.
Backers
The Anoma Foundation coordinated the trusted setup ceremony and proposed the genesis allocations; NAM is the native token.
Latest milestone
Announced that the phased mainnet launch was complete; no 2026 posts appeared on its blog when checked.
On this siteNamada Shielded Pools is in the protocol list but not counted (no reliable data): DefiLlama counts only non-native tokens in the pool, so the figure badly understates it.
Aleo
Live with users
Aleo is a layer 1 built on zero-knowledge proofs, whose mainnet genesis block is dated 4 Sep 2024; in 2026 its focus has been private stablecoin payments, with the USDCx and USAD stablecoins, a partnership with Utila for institutional wallets announced on 28 Jul 2026 and Provable's Shield Swap exchange, opened in early access on 17 Aug 2026.
What is hidden, and from whom
Tokens can be held in encrypted records that only their owner can read, so balances and transfers can be hidden from the public, but programs can also use public state and apps may still expose details. Provable's Shield Swap, for example, keeps trade amounts, prices and timing public while leaving wallet addresses out of public swap fields.
Backers
Aleo Network Foundation and Provable, which builds tools for developers on Aleo and the Shield wallet; Provable's site lists investors including a16z crypto, SoftBank, Kora and Coinbase Ventures.
Latest milestone
Announced that USDCx on Aleo is supported in Ledger.
On this siteShield Swap is in the protocol list and counts in private DeFi TVL; see its profile.
Mina
Live with users
Mina is a layer 1 with a blockchain of about 22KB and zero-knowledge smart contracts, called zkApps, written in TypeScript.
What is hidden, and from whom
zkApps can prove facts about data off chain and post only the proof, so the underlying inputs need not be published; ordinary MINA payments and balances remain public, so privacy depends on how each app is built.
Backers
o1Labs and the Mina Foundation.
Latest milestone
o1Labs published the 4.0.0 Mesa release for mainnet, the final stage of the Mesa upgrade, which cut slot time to 90 seconds and raised the number of on-chain state fields for zkApps from 8 to 32; maintenance releases 4.0.1 and 4.0.2 followed on 2 and 12 Oct 2026.
Secret Network
Live with users
Secret Network is a blockchain whose smart contracts run on encrypted inputs and state inside trusted execution environments, and SCRT Labs now also offers SecretVM, confidential virtual machines aimed mainly at AI workloads, which added AMD SEV-SNP hardware in Feb 2026.
What is hidden, and from whom
Contract data and token balances can be hidden from the public because they are decrypted only inside secure hardware enclaves such as Intel SGX; this depends on the hardware, and the project published responses to an Intel SGX vulnerability on 30 Sep 2025 and to the TEE.Fail attack on 28 Oct 2025.
Backers
SCRT Labs leads core development.
Latest milestone
Announced a partnership with AITECH Cloud Network to bring confidential AI to Agent Forge, after building Intel Trust Authority attestation into every SecretVM on 18 May 2026.
Oasis Sapphire
Mainnet
Sapphire is the Oasis network's confidential EVM runtime, offering confidential state, end-to-end encryption and confidential randomness to Solidity contracts; in April 2026 Oasis said it was refocusing on building its own applications, starting with Privana Finance, a self-custodial product for confidential trading and yield.
What is hidden, and from whom
Contract state is confidential and transactions can be encrypted end to end, so their contents are hidden from the public; the documentation checked does not list which metadata, such as sender addresses, stays visible.
Backers
Oasis Protocol Foundation.
Latest milestone
Co-founder Jernej Kos announced a new strategy focused on the application layer, with Privana Finance as the first product.
Midnight
Mainnet
Midnight is a privacy-focused layer 1 that combines a public on-chain state with private local state through zero-knowledge proofs, using NIGHT, which also exists on Cardano as cNIGHT, as an unshielded token and DUST to pay fees; its mainnet went live in March 2026 and opened to permissionless smart contract deployment in September 2026.
What is hidden, and from whom
Contracts written in its Compact language can keep data in a user's private state and prove facts about it, disclosing only what is needed; the public ledger state and NIGHT, which is unshielded, stay visible.
Backers
Midnight Foundation; its documentation is published by Input Output Global.
Latest milestone
Reported that permissionless smart contract deployment is live on mainnet, alongside a Node 1.0.3 security patch.
Networks for institutions
3 projects
Networks built for banks and regulated markets, in which privacy comes from controlling who sees what, with access for auditors or regulators.
Canton Network
Live with users
Canton is a network for regulated financial markets, developed by Digital Asset, in which each party sees only the state it is entitled to, linked by a decentralised Global Synchronizer overseen by the Canton Foundation. A research series on Canton's blog said on 9 Sep 2026 that more than 800 institutions use it and over $9T a month in tokenised assets is processed, including DTCC-custodied Treasuries.
What is hidden, and from whom
The ledger is partitioned so that each party sees only the state it is entitled to, with disclosure defined per contract, so positions and trades are hidden from other participants and the public while authorised parties keep auditability.
Backers
Digital Asset; Canton Foundation premier members include Broadridge, Euroclear, SBI Digital Asset Holdings and Tradeweb, and the foundation's site showed 62 super validator nodes and 834 validators on 16 Oct 2026, using data from The Tie.
Latest milestone
Announced that the network had gone live with logical synchronizer upgrades.
ZKsync Prividium
Live with users
Prividium is ZKsync's platform for private, permissioned chains that institutions run themselves and that prove their state to Ethereum with zero-knowledge proofs. ZKsync's page, quoting third-party research reports, says Memento runs a live Prividium chain whose first use case is Deutsche Bank's DAMA 2, that UBS tested tokenised gold on a ZKsync validium, and that the Cari Network of five US regional banks was targeting a Q3 2026 pilot.
What is hidden, and from whom
Transactions, counterparties and balances stay inside the operator's infrastructure and only proofs are posted to Ethereum, so the public sees none of the activity; the operator sees everything, and regulators or partners get access only to what they are authorised to see.
Backers
Matter Labs, which develops ZKsync and completed the SOC 2 examination; each chain currently runs a single sequencer, with decentralised sequencing on its roadmap.
Latest milestone
A SOC 2 Type I examination by Thoropass Assurance covered Prividium's control design as of this date, with a Type II examination planned.
Rayls
Mainnet
Rayls, built by Parfin, is an EVM layer 1 aimed at banks, with a permissionless public chain, separate Sovereign chains for each institution and optional Enygma privacy technology; its site links case studies with the Central Bank of Brazil, Núclea and Kinexys by J.P. Morgan. Its public chain mainnet went live on 30 Apr 2026, according to a May 2026 press release from Mugen, a consultancy that worked on the launch, while Rayls' own site gives the date without a year.
What is hidden, and from whom
Enygma is described as hiding payer, payee and amount, with a read-only auditor view for a designated regulator; it is optional rather than the default on every chain.
Backers
Parfin; its site shows investors only as images, without naming them in the text.
Latest milestone
Opened launch deposits for the first vault on Rayls.
Wallets, standards and research
3 projects
Research programmes, wallet software and standards that bring privacy to Ethereum users.
Ethereum Foundation privacy cluster (PSE and IPTF)
Research
In October 2025 the Ethereum Foundation formed a privacy cluster of 47 researchers, engineers, coordinators and cryptographers, coordinated by Igor Barinov, covering private reads and writes, private proving, private identity and privacy UX through its PSE team, an Institutional Privacy Task Force (IPTF) for regulated users, and the Kohaku wallet.
What is hidden, and from whom
A programme of work rather than a product: it aims to make private payments, votes and reads routine for Ethereum users and to turn institutions' regulatory and operational requirements into privacy specifications.
Backers
Ethereum Foundation.
Latest milestone
The Ethereum Foundation announced zkAPI, built with the Open Anonymity Project and live on Ethereum mainnet, which lets users pay for metered APIs with zero-knowledge proofs without revealing who they are; it came from the Foundation's dAI team rather than the privacy cluster, whose PSE team announced a private transfers dashboard on 22 May 2026.
Kohaku
Research
Kohaku is the Ethereum Foundation's reference privacy wallet effort and open-source SDK, published as JavaScript packages for shielded pools (Railgun, Privacy Pools and Tornado Cash), a provider layer that supports the Helios and Colibri light clients, and a post-quantum ERC-4337 account; its README marks the Railgun package as under maintenance.
What is hidden, and from whom
The packages let wallets send through existing shielded pools so that sender and recipient are not linked on chain; its README warns that parts are unaudited and not ready for production use.
Backers
Ethereum Foundation; the repository sits in the ethereum GitHub organisation.
Latest milestone
Published version 0.1.0-alpha.26 of its privacy-pools package, the newest of 90 alpha pre-releases of its packages since 13 Mar 2026; none is marked as a stable release.
ERC-5564 stealth addresses
Live with users
ERC-5564 is a final Ethereum standard for stealth addresses: a sender derives a one-time address for the recipient from a published stealth meta-address and logs an announcement through a singleton contract so the recipient can find the payment, with ERC-6538 providing a registry of meta-addresses.
What is hidden, and from whom
Observers cannot link the receiving address to the recipient's public identity, but the sender, the amount and each announcement remain public.
Backers
Authored by Toni Wahrstätter, Matt Solomon, Ben DiFrancesco and Vitalik Buterin.
Latest milestone
The canonical announcer contract on Ethereum mainnet logged its most recent announcement; its 50 latest announcements date from 8 Sep to 15 Oct 2026, and Blockscout counted 207 transactions sent directly to the contract.
Bitcoin
5 projects
Payment channels, layer 2s, sidechains and address schemes that add privacy to bitcoin payments. The Bitcoin privacy section on the Protocols page covers the Liquid sidechain, coinjoin wallets, Silent Payments, PayJoin and Ark in more depth, with what free public data can measure for each.
Lightning Network (BOLT 12 offers)
Live with users
Lightning is Bitcoin's network of payment channels; BOLT 12, the offers protocol merged into the specification on 24 Sep 2024, adds reusable payment requests negotiated over onion messages that can reach the recipient through blinded paths.
What is hidden, and from whom
Payments are onion-routed so forwarding nodes see only adjacent hops, and blinded paths let a recipient hide its node from payers; channel openings and closings remain visible on the Bitcoin chain.
Backers
An open specification maintained in the lightning/bolts repository; the offers change was merged by Rusty Russell.
Latest milestone
BOLT 12 offers were merged into the Lightning specification.
Arkade (Ark Labs)
Mainnet
Arkade is Ark Labs' implementation of the Ark protocol, a Bitcoin layer 2 in which users share bitcoin outputs and pay one another off chain; it opened to the public on 20 Oct 2025 and added Arkade Assets for native assets on 21 Oct 2025.
What is hidden, and from whom
Payments move off chain, so on-chain observers see only shared outputs; Ark Labs' posts make no specific privacy claims, and what the operator can see is not described in the sources checked.
Backers
Ark Labs, which raised a $2.5M pre-seed led by Tim Draper in Aug 2024 and a $5.2M seed backed by Tether in Mar 2026.
Latest milestone
Announced a $5.2M seed round backed by Tether to build programmable finance on Bitcoin.
Bark (Second)
Mainnet
Bark is Second's open-source implementation of the Ark protocol; Second's Ark server opened to anyone on Bitcoin mainnet on 9 Jun 2026, with an SDK, a wallet daemon and wallets such as Noah and a BTCPay Server plugin, and Ark balances can be sent to Ark, Lightning and on-chain wallets.
What is hidden, and from whom
Users share UTXOs and transact them off chain, with shared outputs written to the Bitcoin chain periodically, so individual payments do not appear on chain; Second does not describe what its Ark server can see.
Backers
Second; no funding is named on the pages checked.
Latest milestone
Launched Bark and its public Ark server on Bitcoin mainnet.
Liquid Network
Live with users
Liquid is a federated Bitcoin sidechain run by member companies, with Blockstream as technical provider, where LBTC and issued assets such as USDt use Confidential Transactions; the federation had 81 members in May 2025 and added seven in Jan 2026.
What is hidden, and from whom
Confidential Transactions blind amounts and asset types, but not addresses or the transaction graph. Because amounts are blinded, the incident report says the unbacked outputs created in September 2026 could not have been spotted by inspection alone at the time.
Backers
Blockstream and the Liquid Federation.
Latest milestone
An attacker exploited a flaw in rangeproof verification caching to create about 4,000 unbacked LBTC and peg out 3,996.02 BTC; 3,400 BTC were returned on 7 Sep, about 602 BTC remained outstanding, and the Liquid blog still showed peg-outs as paused on 16 Oct 2026.
Silent payments (BIP-352)
Mainnet
BIP-352 silent payments let a Bitcoin user publish one static address while each payment goes to a fresh on-chain output that only the recipient can detect, with no notification transaction or other on-chain overhead; it is an application-layer specification marked complete, needing no change to Bitcoin's consensus rules.
What is hidden, and from whom
Outside observers cannot link payments to the published address or to one another, while the recipient must scan transactions to find them; amounts and the sender's inputs stay public as in any Bitcoin transaction.
Backers
Authored by josibake, Ruben Somsen and Sebastian Falbesoner.
Latest milestone
Version 1.1.1 of the specification added a test vector, after version 1.1.0 on 2 Mar 2026 introduced a per-group recipient limit to stop adversarial transactions causing quadratic scanning work.
Stablecoins
4 projects
Privacy features for dollar stablecoins, from live tokens to proposals and tests.
PYUSD and USDG confidential transfers on Solana
Mainnet
PayPal USD (PYUSD) and Global Dollar (USDG), both issued by Paxos, are Token-2022 mints on Solana configured with the confidential transfer extension; on 16 Oct 2026 their Solana supplies were about 681.4M PYUSD and 628.9M USDG.
What is hidden, and from whom
For an approved account, balances and transfer amounts would be encrypted while addresses stay public; neither mint sets an auditor key, and new accounts are not approved automatically, so each needs approval from the extension's authority, the same address that holds the mints' permanent delegate role.
Backers
Paxos, the issuer, and PayPal for PYUSD.
Latest milestone
Solana re-enabled the ZK ElGamal proof program that confidential transfers depend on; the mint data does not show whether Paxos has approved any accounts for confidential use.
Arc opt-in privacy (Circle)
Research
Arc is Circle's layer 1 for stablecoin finance, whose mainnet went live on 16 Sep 2026 according to post titles on its blog; Circle has proposed opt-in privacy features for Arc but says their scope and rollout timeline may change.
What is hidden, and from whom
As proposed, Arc would let users shield items such as payroll amounts and recipients, treasury counterparties, trading positions and consumer USDC balances from the public chain, while authorised compliance teams and auditors can be granted access.
Backers
Circle.
Latest milestone
Arc mainnet went live; Circle's privacy post, dated 10 Jun 2026 and checked on 16 Oct 2026, still described the privacy features as proposed, with no rollout date.
USDCx on Aleo (Circle xReserve)
Live with users
USDCx is a USDC-backed stablecoin on Aleo issued through Circle's xReserve, which holds USDC 1:1 in a Circle-deployed contract on Arc or Ethereum; Aleo calls it the first private, programmable stablecoin, and Miden announced on 12 Aug 2026 that USDCx was coming to its network.
What is hidden, and from whom
On Aleo, USDCx can be held in encrypted records so balances and transfers are hidden from the public, while the USDC backing it is deposited into Circle's xReserve contract on Arc or Ethereum, where deposits are recorded on those chains' public ledgers.
Backers
Circle, whose xReserve page shows Aleo, Canton, Cardano, Movement and Stacks under 'Trusted by the community', and the Aleo ecosystem.
Latest milestone
USDCx on Aleo became available in Ledger.
Visa and Brale private stablecoin settlement test
Research
Visa and Brale, the issuer of the SBC dollar stablecoin, announced on 4 Jun 2026 a proof of concept testing SBC on the Canton Network for institutional settlement, to see whether firms can keep control over who sees sensitive settlement data. Visa said it also plans to evaluate SBC as an additional stablecoin for institutional settlement.
What is hidden, and from whom
Visa says Canton lets participants transact on shared infrastructure while limiting the visibility of sensitive transaction information; the release does not say which parties can see which details.
Backers
Visa, which has let some VisaNet obligations be settled in supported stablecoins since 2021, and Brale, a regulated stablecoin infrastructure platform.
Latest milestone
Announced the proof of concept; Visa's head of crypto, Cuy Sheffield, said the work would help it bring these capabilities into production environments, so it was not yet a live service.
How this list was checked
Statuses
Statuses and categories are PriFi.info's own classification, made from the sources each entry links. Each project is listed once.
Live with users
Running on a main network, and the sources checked show it in use.
Mainnet
Launched on a main network, but the sources checked do not yet show how widely it is used; some are early releases, such as an alpha.
Testnet
Running on test networks only, so no real funds are at stake.
Research
A research programme, a proposal, a test, or software not yet ready for production use.
Sources
Every entry was checked on 16 Oct 2026 against the sources it links: mainly the projects' own announcements, documentation and code, with block explorer and on-chain records for figures such as token supplies and activation dates. Press releases from other firms are used only where a project's own pages left a gap, and such entries are marked as reported.
Dates and figures
The latest milestone is the most recent dated event found when the entry was checked; one whose date is still to come is shown as the next milestone. Figures such as funding rounds, supplies and counts are as the sources gave them on the dates shown, and are not updated automatically.
Confidence
Confirmed
Primary sources state it.
Reported
Part of the entry rests on secondary sources only.
Listing a project is not an endorsement. Information only, not investment, legal or tax advice.