{"api":"PriFi.info API","version":"1.0.0","endpoint":"rules","source":"https://prifi.info/data/rules.json","modifiedAt":"2026-10-29T07:12:43.322Z","licence":"CC BY-NC 4.0","docs":"https://prifi.info/api/","data":[{"code":"AF","name":"Afghanistan","level":"crypto-ban","summary":"Afghanistan's central bank ordered a halt to crypto trading in August 2022 and Herat police arrested dealers, so privacy coins are barred too.","holding":"restricted","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":null,"instrument":"Da Afghanistan Bank order halting cryptocurrency trading, August 2022 (not published)","detail":"A Bloomberg report republished on 27 August 2022 said Afghanistan's central bank had that month ordered a nationwide halt to cryptocurrency trading, quoting a Herat police official who said the bank had told police to stop all money changers, individuals and businesspeople from trading. The report said 13 people were arrested in Herat, most later freed on bond, and more than 20 crypto-related businesses there were shut. The order has not been published, so its exact date, legal basis and wording are unknown, and we could not check for later changes. The report does not mention privacy coins or mixers; they fall under the general bar.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"reported","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/27/08/2022/taliban-ban-crypto-in-afghanistan-arrest-digital-coin-dealers","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"DZ","name":"Algeria","level":"crypto-ban","summary":"Algeria bans buying, selling, using or holding any cryptocurrency, privacy coins included, and a July 2025 law added prison terms.","holding":"banned","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":"2017-12-28","instrument":"Finance Law for 2018 (Law 17-11 of 27 December 2017), art. 117; Law 25-10 of 24 July 2025 adding arts. 6 bis and 31 bis to Law 05-01","detail":"Article 117 of the Finance Law for 2018 (Law 17-11 of 27 December 2017, published in Official Journal no. 76 of 28 December 2017) prohibits the purchase, sale, use and holding of so-called virtual currency and says breaches are punished under the laws and regulations in force. Law 25-10 of 24 July 2025 (Official Journal no. 48 of the same date) added article 6 bis to Law 05-01 on money laundering and terrorist financing, which prohibits issuing, buying, selling, using, holding, trading or promoting virtual assets, and creating or operating platforms to exchange them, whether as a means of payment or as an investment, and extends the prohibition to crypto mining. A new article 31 bis punishes breaches of article 6 bis with two months to one year in prison and a fine of DZD 200,000 to 1,000,000, or either penalty. Neither law names privacy coins or mixers; they fall under the general prohibition.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://www.joradp.dz/FTP/jo-francais/2017/F2017076.pdf https://www.joradp.dz/FTP/jo-francais/2025/F2025048.pdf","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"AR","name":"Argentina","level":"mixers-targeted","summary":"Registered crypto providers must not offer tools designed to hide where transactions come from or go to; privacy coins are not named.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"unknown","mixers":"banned","effectiveFrom":null,"instrument":"CNV Resolución General 1058/2025 (CNV Rules, Title XIV, Chapter III, art. 24, item q); UIF Resolución 49/2024, art. 34","detail":"CNV General Resolution 1058/2025, published on 14 March 2025 and in force 45 days after publication, requires registered virtual asset service providers (PSAV) to refrain from offering services, tools or mechanisms designed to make it hard to identify the origin and destination of virtual asset transactions, to the detriment of financial traceability and anti-money laundering policies (CNV Rules, Title XIV, Chapter III, art. 24, item q). The resolution does not name privacy coins, and no CNV guidance or exchange notice was found on whether listing them falls under that duty. UIF Resolution 49/2024, in force since 26 March 2024, tells providers to give special weight in their alerts to operations with virtual assets that try to prevent traceability or obtain greater anonymity (art. 34, item b, point xvi), which treats them as a risk signal rather than barring them. No rule restricting individuals from holding privacy coins and no mixer prosecutions were found.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/resoluci%C3%B3n-1058-2025-410635/texto https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/resoluci%C3%B3n-49-2024-397597/texto","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"AU","name":"Australia","level":"delisted-under-pressure","summary":"No Australian rule bars privacy coins; CoinSpot dropped Monero in 2020 amid reported regulatory pressure, but Zcash still trades on CoinSpot and Swyftx.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"allowed","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":"2020-08-31","instrument":"CoinSpot halt of Monero, Bytecoin and Zcoin trading from 31 August 2020 (an exchange decision, not a rule)","detail":"No Australian law or AUSTRAC rule was found that bars individuals from holding privacy coins or bars registered exchanges from listing them, and the Department of Home Affairs page on the AML/CTF reforms for the sector, which gives 31 March 2026 as the commencement date, mentions no privacy-coin or mixer measure. In August 2020 CoinSpot told clients holding Monero, Bytecoin and Zcoin that trading in them would halt from 31 August; ForkLog said the move related to regulatory requirements, CoinCodex quoted a CoinSpot support representative referring to 'pressure from external institutions', and a reported Swyftx delisting was not confirmed at the time. On 13 October 2026 CoinSpot's Monero page said the coin was 'unavailable to trade at this time', Swyftx quoted no Monero price, and BTC Markets, Independent Reserve and CoinJar listed no Monero market, while CoinSpot still quoted Zcash and Dash and Swyftx quoted Zcash, Horizen and Beam. No Australian rule or sanctions designation aimed at mixers or privacy protocols was identified, although the AUSTRAC and DFAT websites could not be reached for this check.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"reported","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://forklog.com/en/news/australian-exchanges-drop-monero-and-other-anonymous-cryptocurrencies-from-listings https://coincodex.com/article/9325/australian-exchanges-delisting-are-privacy-coins-as-they-succumb-to-regulatory-pressure https://www.coinspot.com.au/buy/xmr https://www.coinspot.com.au/buy/zec https://www.coinspot.com.au/buy/dash https://api.swyftx.com.au/markets/info/basic/ https://api.btcmarkets.net/v3/markets https://api.independentreserve.com/Public/GetValidPrimaryCurrencyCodes https://api.exchange.coinjar.com/products https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/criminal-justice/Pages/changes-for-the-digital-or-virtual-assets-sector.aspx","selfHosted":"declaration","selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":"2026-03-31","selfHostedRule":"Under the AML/CTF Rules 2025, an Australian virtual asset firm sending to a self-hosted wallet must collect payer information and the payee's full name and verify the payer, and its AML/CTF policies must set out how it identifies the payee and any steps it takes to verify who controls the wallet.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2025L01026/asmade/2025-08-29/text/original/pdf https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2024A00110/asmade/2024-12-10/text/original/pdf https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2026L00393/asmade/2026-03-30/text/original/pdf https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2026L00354/asmade/2026-03-24/text/original/pdf","states":null},{"code":"AT","name":"Austria","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"BH","name":"Bahrain","level":"no-restriction-found","summary":"No rule found that bars privacy coins; licensed crypto firms must weigh built-in anonymity features before listing and flag funds linked to mixers.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"allowed","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":null,"instrument":"Central Bank of Bahrain Rulebook, Volume 6, Crypto-asset Module (CRA-4.1.4, CRA-4.3.14 and CRA-5.5.3)","detail":"The Central Bank of Bahrain Rulebook, Volume 6, Crypto-asset Module, requires licensees to identify transactions involving tainted wallet addresses, including those involving tumblers (CRA-4.1.4), and to have processes to spot crypto-assets that may have been tainted, for example through mixer and tumbler services (CRA-5.5.3); both rules were added in April 2023. These are monitoring duties, not a prohibition on mixers. Under CRA-4.3.14, also added in April 2023, licensees must risk-assess each crypto-asset before listing it, considering among other factors whether it has any built-in anonymisation functions and whether its transactions can be traced and monitored, but the rule does not bar such assets. Searches of the online rulebook on 13 October 2026 for privacy coin, anonymity, anonymous crypto, tumblers and traceability found no provision barring licensees from dealing in privacy coins. Exchange listings in Bahrain were not checked.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://cbben.thomsonreuters.com/node/2303959 https://cbben.thomsonreuters.com/node/2304001 https://cbben.thomsonreuters.com/node/2304142 https://cbben.thomsonreuters.com/search?start=0&submitted=1&spl=5&sort=date&searchfield=all&searchphrase=privacy+coin&rbs%5B%5D=2&rbid=2&current=1&sortorder=0&numresults=40","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"BD","name":"Bangladesh","level":"crypto-ban","summary":"Bangladesh's central bank says crypto trading is not allowed and may breach money laundering law, so privacy coins are caught too.","holding":"restricted","exchanges":"effectively-barred","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":"2017-12-24","instrument":"Bangladesh Bank cautionary notice on Bitcoin transactions, 24 December 2017","detail":"The Law Library of Congress lists Bangladesh in its strictest category ('absolute ban'), citing a Bangladesh Bank cautionary notice on Bitcoin transactions of 24 December 2017 and press reporting that the central bank warned against transactions in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, which it said may violate the Money Laundering Prevention Act 2012. The report adds that in July 2021, after press reports that the central bank had told police that crypto trading was not in itself a criminal offence, the bank clarified that crypto trading is not allowed at all. The position rests on central bank notices rather than a statute naming crypto. We could not open the notices themselves or check for 2025 or 2026 changes, and no rule found names privacy coins or mixers.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"reported","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llglrd/2021687419/2021687419.pdf","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"BE","name":"Belgium","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"BO","name":"Bolivia","level":"no-restriction-found","summary":"Bolivia's central bank reopened payment channels to crypto on 25 June 2024, and no rule singling out privacy coins or mixers was found.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"allowed","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":"2024-06-25","instrument":"Banco Central de Bolivia Board Resolution 082/2024 of 25 June 2024 (enabling electronic payment channels and instruments for buying and selling virtual assets)","detail":"Banco Central de Bolivia Board Resolution 082/2024 of 25 June 2024 left without effect Board Resolution 144/2020 of 15 December 2020, which had barred financial entities from using, trading or negotiating crypto-assets, and enabled the use of electronic payment channels and instruments to buy and sell virtual assets; the central bank announced it on 26 June 2024 in coordination with the financial regulator (ASFI) and the financial intelligence unit (UIF). The central bank reported US$430 million of virtual-asset operations in the year after the resolution (press release of 27 June 2025), and in July 2025 it signed a cooperation memorandum on crypto-assets with El Salvador's National Commission of Digital Assets. We checked the central bank's virtual-asset press releases from 2024 to 2026 and a site search for Resolution 082/2024, which listed no later resolution, and found no rule singling out privacy coins, mixers or anonymity features. Exchange listings and financial intelligence unit rules were not reviewed, so the absence of a privacy-specific rule rests on absence of evidence.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"unconfirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://www.bcb.gob.bo/?q=content/el-bcb-en-coordinaci%C3%B3n-con-asfi-y-uif-actualiza-normativa-en-torno-los-activos-virtuales-0 https://www.bcb.gob.bo/?q=content/en-un-a%C3%B1o-las-operaciones-en-activos-virtuales-crecieron-en-m%C3%A1s-del-630-y-llegaron-us430-1 https://www.bcb.gob.bo/?q=content/el-bcb-y-la-comisi%C3%B3n-nacional-de-activos-digitales-de-el-salvador-acuerdan-cooperaci%C3%B3n-mutua https://www.bcb.gob.bo/?q=search/node/082%2F2024 https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llglrd/2021687419/2021687419.pdf","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"BR","name":"Brazil","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"Since 2 February 2026, licensed crypto firms may not offer assets designed to aid money laundering through anonymity; existing firms are still in transition.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"banned","effectiveFrom":"2026-02-02","instrument":"Resolução BCB nº 520/2025, arts. 64, 88 and 90","detail":"Resolução BCB nº 520 of 10 November 2025, in force since 2 February 2026, requires each licensed virtual asset provider's listing policy to bar the offer of assets with features that favour fraud or crime, for example assets designed to favour money laundering or terrorist financing by facilitating anonymity or making the holder hard to identify (art. 64, § 2, III), and bars providers from contracting, adopting or using mechanisms that hinder the detection or investigation of crimes, such as mixers, tumblers or bots that hide the authors or beneficiaries of transactions (art. 90, III). The rule names no coins and leaves the assessment to each provider's listing committee. Firms already operating have 270 days from 2 February 2026 to apply for authorisation and may keep operating while their application is decided; until the central bank rules on phase 1 of the application they must observe only art. 88 and rules expressly aimed at firms in adaptation, and they must comply in full after that (art. 88, §§ 1 to 3 and 6). On 13 October 2026 Mercado Bitcoin's public API still showed Zcash (ZEC) listed and trading against the Brazilian real, with no Monero (XMR) market, and Resolução BCB nº 589 of 23 September 2026 amended reporting and counterparty provisions without changing arts. 64 or 90. No rule restricting individuals from holding privacy coins or using mixers was found.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://www.bcb.gov.br/api/conteudo/app/normativos/exibenormativo?p1=Resolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20BCB&p2=520 https://www.bcb.gov.br/api/conteudo/app/normativos/exibenormativo?p1=Resolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20BCB&p2=589 https://api.mercadobitcoin.net/api/v4/symbols https://api.mercadobitcoin.net/api/v4/tickers?symbols=ZEC-BRL","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"BG","name":"Bulgaria","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"CA","name":"Canada","level":"delisted-under-pressure","summary":"No rule bars privacy coins; Kraken dropped Monero for Canadian clients on 2 September 2025, citing compliance requirements, but still offers Zcash.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"allowed","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":"2025-09-02","instrument":"Kraken delisting notice for Monero in Canada (2025); FINTRAC virtual currency ML/TF indicators (2021)","detail":"No Canadian statute, securities regulator rule or FINTRAC instrument was found that bars individuals from holding privacy coins or platforms from listing them. FINTRAC's virtual currency money laundering indicators (published June 2021, modified 19 November 2021) list a portfolio made up of privacy coins, large swaps of bitcoin into privacy coins and funds passed through mixers or tumblers among its indicators, while noting that, on its own, a single indicator may not appear suspicious. Kraken's notice, last updated 21 August 2025, paused Monero (XMR) deposits for Canadian clients and disabled XMR trading from 2 September 2025 due to recent compliance requirements in Canada, without naming the rule; its country restrictions page, updated 30 September 2026, bars Canadian clients from depositing, holding or trading XMR but does not list Zcash (ZEC). On 13 October 2026 the Canadian platform NDAX listed no privacy coins in its public API; other Canadian platforms were not checked. No Canadian sanctions or prosecutions aimed at mixers were found.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://support.kraken.com/articles/notice-of-delisting-xmr-canada https://support.kraken.com/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated https://fintrac-canafe.canada.ca/guidance-directives/transaction-operation/indicators-indicateurs/vc_mltf-eng https://api.ndax.io:8443/AP/GetInstruments?OMSId=1","selfHosted":"none","selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":"Canada's travel rule, in force since 1 June 2021, requires reporting entities to include originator and beneficiary information when they send virtual currency transfers, but FINTRAC sets no specific requirement for transfers to or from self-hosted wallets.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://fintrac-canafe.canada.ca/guidance-directives/transaction-operation/travel-acheminement/1-eng https://fintrac-canafe.canada.ca/guidance-directives/transaction-operation/indicators-indicateurs/vc_mltf-eng","states":null},{"code":"CN","name":"China","level":"crypto-ban","summary":"Mainland China has barred crypto trading services since September 2021, restated in a February 2026 notice, so no platform may offer privacy coins there.","holding":"restricted","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":"2021-09-15","instrument":"Notice on further preventing and disposing of risks related to virtual currency and other matters (Yinfa [2026] No. 42), People's Bank of China and seven other authorities, 6 February 2026, which replaced Yinfa [2021] No. 237 of 15 September 2021","detail":"A notice dated 6 February 2026 (Yinfa [2026] No. 42), issued by the People's Bank of China with seven other authorities and in force from publication, treats virtual currency business as a prohibited financial activity: fiat-to-crypto and crypto-to-crypto exchange, acting as a central counterparty, information and pricing services for trading, token issuance financing and trading of crypto-related financial products. It also bars offshore firms and individuals from providing virtual currency services to mainland parties, bars unapproved issuance of renminbi-pegged stablecoins abroad, restricts real-world asset tokenisation and repeals the notice of 15 September 2021 (Yinfa [2021] No. 237), under which the same bar on crypto business had applied since 2021. Holding is not made an offence, but investments in virtual currency that breach public order and good morals are void in civil law and any losses fall on the investor, so holding is classed here as restricted. Neither notice mentions privacy coins, mixers or anonymity; they are caught by the general bar on crypto business.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://www.pbc.gov.cn/tiaofasi/144941/3581332/2026020619591971323/index.html https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2021-10/08/content_5641404.htm","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"HR","name":"Croatia","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"CY","name":"Cyprus","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"CZ","name":"Czechia","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"DK","name":"Denmark","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"EG","name":"Egypt","level":"crypto-ban","summary":"Egypt bars individuals, banks and other financial institutions from dealing in cryptocurrency, which covers privacy coins.","holding":"restricted","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":"2020-09-15","instrument":"Central Bank and Banking System Law No. 194 of 2020, art. 206; Central Bank of Egypt warning of 10 January 2018","detail":"The Law Library of Congress lists Egypt in its strictest category ('absolute ban'), citing a Central Bank of Egypt warning statement of 10 January 2018 and article 206 of the Central Bank and Banking System Law No. 194 of 2020 (Official Gazette of 15 September 2020), and states that individuals, banks and other financial institutions are prohibited from dealing in cryptocurrencies. The report does not say that holding as such is prohibited, so holding is classed here as restricted. We could not open the law or a central bank release because the bank's website rejected automated requests, so the exact wording of article 206, including any licensing route, is not confirmed, and we could not check for 2025 or 2026 changes. No rule found names privacy coins or mixers; they fall under the general prohibition.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"reported","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llglrd/2021687419/2021687419.pdf","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"EE","name":"Estonia","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"FI","name":"Finland","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"FR","name":"France","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"Trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and a 2025 law extends a laundering presumption to privacy coins and mixers.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"MiCA Article 76(3) (EU); Law No 2025-532 of 13 June 2025 on drug trafficking, Article 7 (Penal Code Article 324-1-1, Customs Code Article 415-1)","detail":"As an EU member, France applies MiCA Article 76(3), which since 30 December 2024 has required trading platforms to refuse crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless holders and transaction history can be identified, and from 10 July 2027 Article 79 of the AML Regulation bars crypto firms from keeping accounts that allow anonymisation through anonymity-enhancing coins. Article 7 of Law No 2025-532 of 13 June 2025 on drug trafficking, published on 14 June 2025, added a paragraph to Article 324-1-1 of the Penal Code, which presumes assets to be criminal proceeds where the conditions of a transaction can have no justification other than concealing their origin or beneficial owner: the presumption now expressly applies, under those same conditions, to transactions made with a crypto-asset that has an inbuilt anonymisation function or with any type of account or technique that anonymises or obscures crypto-asset transactions. The same wording was added to Article 415-1 of the Customs Code, and the Conseil constitutionnel's decision of 12 June 2025, which struck down other parts of the law, did not examine these provisions. The law does not ban holding privacy coins or using mixers, and this review did not identify a French sanction or prosecution aimed specifically at a mixer.","group":"eu","inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://www.senat.fr/leg/tas24-108.html https://www.senat.fr/dossier-legislatif/ppl23-735.html https://www.senat.fr/tableau-historique/ppl23-735.html https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/decision/2025/2025885DC.htm https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"DE","name":"Germany","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"Trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and German authorities have shut down crypto mixers such as ChipMixer.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"sanctioned-or-prosecuted","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"MiCA Article 76(3) (EU); BKA and ZIT takedowns of ChipMixer (2023), eXch (2025) and cryptomixer.io (2025)","detail":"As an EU member, Germany applies MiCA Article 76(3), which since 30 December 2024 has required trading platforms to refuse crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless holders and transaction history can be identified, and from 10 July 2027 Article 79 of the AML Regulation bars crypto firms from keeping accounts that allow anonymisation through anonymity-enhancing coins; this review did not identify a German statute or BaFin rule specific to privacy coins. Enforcement has targeted mixing and swapping services: on 15 March 2023 the Frankfurt prosecutors' cybercrime unit (ZIT) and the Bundeskriminalamt (BKA) seized ChipMixer's German server infrastructure and bitcoin worth about EUR 44 million, on suspicion of commercial money laundering and running a criminal online trading platform. On 30 April 2025 the same authorities, working closely with the Dutch FIOD, shut down eXch, a crypto swapping service that did not require users to identify themselves, and seized crypto-assets worth about EUR 34 million. On 26 November 2025, working with Swiss authorities, Europol and Eurojust, they shut down the crypto mixer cryptomixer.io and seized about EUR 25 million in crypto-assets.","group":"eu","inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://www.bka.de/DE/Presse/Listenseite_Pressemitteilungen/2023/Presse2023/230314_Geldwaesche_Darknet.html https://www.bka.de/DE/Presse/Listenseite_Pressemitteilungen/2025/Presse2025/250509_exch_abgeschaltet.html https://www.bka.de/DE/Presse/Listenseite_Pressemitteilungen/2025/Presse2025/251201_Ev_Olympia.html https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"GR","name":"Greece","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"HK","name":"Hong Kong","level":"no-restriction-found","summary":"No rule bars privacy coins, but SFC guidance tells licensed platforms to assess their money-laundering risk and refrain if it cannot be managed.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"allowed","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":null,"instrument":"SFC Guideline on Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Financing of Terrorism (for licensed corporations and SFC-licensed virtual asset service providers), paragraphs 12.2.1 and 12.2.2","detail":"No Hong Kong law or Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) rule was found that bars privacy coins, and individuals may hold them. The SFC Guidelines for Virtual Asset Trading Platform Operators (June 2023) require due diligence on each token, including its money-laundering risks (paragraph 7.6), and SFC approval before a token is offered to retail clients (paragraph 16.4), but name no privacy-coin ban, and nor does the SFC's July 2025 licensing handbook for platforms. The SFC anti-money-laundering guideline for licensed virtual asset service providers lists anonymity-enhanced virtual assets, mixers, tumblers and privacy wallets as risks to assess (paragraphs 12.2.1 and 12.2.2), says firms should refrain from such transactions if those risks cannot be mitigated and managed, and treats mixer-linked wallets as suspicious sources when screening transfers (paragraph 12.7.3). HashKey Exchange's market list fetched on 13 October 2026 includes no Monero, Zcash or Dash. No Hong Kong sanction, prosecution or ban on mixers was found.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://www.sfc.hk/-/media/EN/assets/components/codes/files-current/web/guidelines/Guidelines-for-Virtual-Asset-Trading-Platform-Operators/Guidelines-for-Virtual-Asset-Trading-Platform-Operators.pdf?rev=f6152ff73d2b4e8a8ce9dc025030c3b8 https://www.sfc.hk/-/media/EN/assets/components/codes/files-current/web/guidelines/guideline-on-anti-money-laundering-and-counter-financing-of-terrorism-for-licensed-corporations/AML-Guideline-for-LCs-and-SFC-licensed-VASPs_Eng_1-Jun-2023.pdf?rev=d250206851484229ab949a4698761cb7 https://www.sfc.hk/-/media/EN/assets/components/Guidelines/File-current/Licensing-Handbook-for-VATPs_July-2025.pdf?rev=6eb9635a78a74b7585deb7cbe02f14e6 https://api-pro.hashkey.com/api/v1/exchangeInfo","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":"2023-06-01","selfHostedRule":"Since 1 June 2023, SFC-licensed virtual asset firms should obtain and record originator and recipient information from their customer before any transfer to or from an unhosted wallet, and should accept such transfers only with wallets they have assessed as reliable, including by checking the customer's ownership or control.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://www.sfc.hk/-/media/EN/assets/components/codes/files-current/web/guidelines/guideline-on-anti-money-laundering-and-counter-financing-of-terrorism-for-licensed-corporations/AML-Guideline-for-LCs-and-SFC-licensed-VASPs_Eng_1-Jun-2023.pdf?rev=d250206851484229ab949a4698761cb7","states":null},{"code":"HU","name":"Hungary","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"IS","name":"Iceland","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"Trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, under EU MiCA rules, part of the EEA Agreement since 24 June 2025.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":"2025-06-24","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3), incorporated into the EEA Agreement by Joint Committee Decision No 041/2025","detail":"MiCA, Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, became part of the EEA Agreement through Joint Committee Decision No 041/2025 of 20 February 2025, which entered into force on 24 June 2025; ESMA's interim MiCA register lists a crypto-asset service provider authorised under MiCA by the Central Bank of Iceland on 25 June 2026, but this review could not open Iceland's own implementing act, so the date MiCA took effect in Icelandic law is not confirmed. Its Article 76(3) requires a trading platform's operating rules to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform can identify their holders and transaction history; it does not bar individuals from holding privacy coins. The EU AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624, which from 10 July 2027 bars crypto firms in the EU from keeping accounts that allow anonymisation, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, is still under scrutiny for incorporation into the EEA Agreement, so it does not yet apply to Iceland. As exchange behaviour, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for clients registered in the EEA on 31 October 2024, citing regulatory changes. No rule aimed at mixers was found in the instruments checked.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://www.efta.int/eea-lex/32023R1114 https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-12/CASPS.csv https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://www.efta.int/eea-lex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://support.kraken.com/gb/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"IN","name":"India","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"Registered crypto firms may not handle deposits, withdrawals or dealings in privacy coins, under FIU-IND guidelines in force since 8 January 2026.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"banned","effectiveFrom":"2026-01-08","instrument":"FIU-IND AML and CFT Guidelines for Reporting Entities Providing Services Related to Virtual Digital Assets (updated 8 January 2026), paragraphs 7.4 and 7.5","detail":"Virtual digital asset service providers have been reporting entities under the Prevention of Money-Laundering Act since a Ministry of Finance notification of 7 March 2023, and the Director of FIU-IND has been their designated anti-money-laundering regulator since 9 November 2023. Paragraph 7.4 of the FIU-IND AML and CFT Guidelines for these firms, updated on 8 January 2026, says they shall refrain from permitting deposits or withdrawals of anonymity-enhancing crypto tokens, shall treat dealings in them as not permissible and shall not facilitate such transactions. Paragraph 7.5 applies the same approach to transactions involving tumblers, mixers and other anonymity-enhancing services, which firms must detect and not facilitate. The guidelines bind registered service providers, including those based outside India, and contain no rule on individuals holding privacy coins in their own wallets. WazirX's public market API, fetched on 13 October 2026, still marks its XMR/USDT, ZEC/INR and ZEC/USDT pairs as trading and does not show whether deposits and withdrawals of these coins are open.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://fiuindia.gov.in/pdfs/downloads/VDA08012026.pdf https://fiuindia.gov.in/files/Downloads/Downloads.html https://api.wazirx.com/sapi/v1/exchangeInfo","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"ID","name":"Indonesia","level":"no-restriction-found","summary":"Not verified: two large Indonesian exchanges list no Monero or Zcash, but the regulator's rules on tradable coins could not be checked.","holding":"unknown","exchanges":"unknown","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":null,"instrument":null,"detail":"The public market APIs of Indodax and Tokocrypto, fetched on 13 October 2026, show no Monero (XMR) or Zcash (ZEC) trading pairs. The Financial Services Authority (OJK) rules on crypto-asset trading, including OJK Regulation 27 of 2024, and the official list of tradable crypto assets could not be retrieved, so it is not confirmed whether privacy coins are excluded by rule or simply not listed. Mixer rules were not checked.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"unconfirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://indodax.com/api/pairs https://www.tokocrypto.com/open/v1/common/symbols","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"IQ","name":"Iraq","level":"crypto-ban","summary":"Iraq's central bank has barred dealing in cryptocurrency, so privacy coins are restricted along with all other coins.","holding":"unknown","exchanges":"effectively-barred","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":null,"instrument":"Central Bank of Iraq statement on cryptocurrency (date not given in the secondary source)","detail":"The Law Library of Congress lists Iraq in its strictest category ('absolute ban'), citing a statement by the Central Bank of Iraq, and also cites Law No. 39 of 2015 on combating money laundering. The report does not give the statement's date or wording, so whether individuals may hold crypto is unknown and no start date is recorded. We could not open the central bank statement or check for 2025 or 2026 changes. No rule found names privacy coins or mixers.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"reported","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llglrd/2021687419/2021687419.pdf","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"IE","name":"Ireland","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"IL","name":"Israel","level":"no-restriction-found","summary":"Not verified: Israeli regulators' websites could not be accessed, so rules on privacy coins were not checked.","holding":"unknown","exchanges":"unknown","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":null,"instrument":null,"detail":"The gov.il pages of the Capital Market, Insurance and Savings Authority and the Israel Money Laundering and Terror Financing Prohibition Authority refused automated access on 13 October 2026, so licensing and anti-money-laundering rules for crypto service providers could not be checked for privacy-coin or mixer provisions. Holding, exchange and mixer positions are therefore unknown.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"unconfirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":null,"selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"IT","name":"Italy","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"JP","name":"Japan","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"Industry rules binding Japan's registered exchanges have barred coins whose transfers cannot be traced since 24 October 2018; individuals may still hold them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":"2018-10-24","instrument":"JVCEA Rules on Handling of Crypto Assets, Article 4(3), binding on registered exchanges through Payment Services Act Article 63-5(1)(vi) and cited in the FSA guidelines for crypto-asset exchange service providers, section I-1-2-3","detail":"No statute stops individuals holding or using privacy coins, but Article 4(3) of the Rules on Handling of Crypto Assets of the Japan Virtual and Crypto assets Exchange Association (JVCEA), the certified self-regulatory body, says members must not handle crypto-assets whose transfer records cannot be traced or are extremely difficult to trace unless those problems are resolved. The clause is in the 2018 text of the rules, which took effect on 24 October 2018, and a firm that does not join the JVCEA cannot be registered unless it adopts equivalent internal rules (Payment Services Act, Article 63-5(1)(vi)). The FSA's supervisory guidelines cite the clause when setting out how the FSA judges which crypto-assets an exchange may handle (section I-1-2-3), and link it to the duty in Article 23(1)(v) of the Cabinet Office Ordinance not to handle crypto-assets that could harm user protection or the proper conduct of the business. The market lists of bitFlyer, Coincheck, bitbank and GMO Coin fetched on 13 October 2026 include no Monero, Zcash or Dash, and no mixer-specific sanction, prosecution or ban was found. An amendment enacted on 15 July 2026, mostly due to take effect within a year of promulgation, moves crypto-asset trading into the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act and bars firms from handling crypto-assets that fail standards to be set by Cabinet Office Ordinance (new Article 43-7), without itself mentioning traceability.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://jvcea.or.jp/cms2026/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/1002_202607.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20191222160528id_/https://jvcea.or.jp/cms/wp-content/themes/jvcea/images/pdf/jvcea-guideline-3.pdf https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/api/1/articles;lawNum=%E5%B9%B3%E6%88%90%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E5%8F%B7;article=63_5 https://www.fsa.go.jp/common/law/guide/kaisya/16.pdf https://www.fsa.go.jp/common/diet/index.html https://www.fsa.go.jp/common/diet/221/02/01.pdf https://api.bitflyer.com/v1/getmarkets https://coincheck.com/api/rate/all https://api.bitbank.cc/v1/spot/pairs https://api.coin.z.com/public/v1/symbols","selfHosted":"declaration","selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":"2023-06-01","selfHostedRule":"Since 1 June 2023 Japanese crypto exchanges must pass sender and recipient information to receiving exchanges in Japan and in designated jurisdictions and, for transfers to wallets outside the travel rule, including self-hosted wallets, collect and keep information on the wallet owner.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://www.fsa.go.jp/news/r6/sonota/20250625/01.pdf https://www.sbivc.co.jp/assets/docs/travel_rule.pdf https://jvcea.or.jp/cms2026/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/1002_202607.pdf","states":null},{"code":"KE","name":"Kenya","level":"mixers-targeted","summary":"Licensed crypto firms may not offer mixers or anonymity-enhancing services; the law does not name privacy coins and existing firms have until 4 November 2026.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"unknown","mixers":"banned","effectiveFrom":"2025-11-04","instrument":"Virtual Asset Service Providers Act, 2025 (Act No. 20 of 2025), section 21(1)(a)","detail":"Section 21(1)(a) of the Virtual Asset Service Providers Act, 2025 says a licensed provider shall 'not undertake mixer or tumbler services or anonymity-enhancing services', and section 2 defines anonymity-enhancing services as 'offering, facilitating or executing transactions in digital assets, with the effect or intention of concealing information'. Breach is an offence under section 21(2), punishable under section 40(3) by a fine of up to ten million shillings, up to five years' imprisonment, or both, for an individual and a fine of up to 25 million shillings for a company. Neither the Act nor the Virtual Asset Service Providers Regulations, 2026 (Legal Notice 134 of 2026, in force 22 July 2026) names privacy coins, and no regulator guidance was found on whether listing them counts as an anonymity-enhancing service, so the effect on exchange listings is untested. The Act commenced on 4 November 2025, section 47 gives existing providers one year from commencement (to 4 November 2026) to comply, and it places no restriction on individuals holding privacy coins.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/2025/20/eng@2025-11-04 https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/ln/2026/134/eng@2026-07-22","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"KW","name":"Kuwait","level":"crypto-ban","summary":"Kuwait's regulators barred using crypto for payment or investment, and crypto mining, in July 2023 and will not license crypto firms, privacy coins included.","holding":"restricted","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":"2023-07-18","instrument":"Capital Markets Authority circular on the supervision and issuance of virtual assets, 18 July 2023, with parallel circulars from other Kuwaiti regulators","detail":"Cointelegraph reported that a Capital Markets Authority circular of 18 July 2023 on the supervision and issuance of virtual assets set an 'absolute prohibition' on using virtual assets for payment or investment and on crypto mining, and that Kuwaiti regulators may not license firms to provide virtual asset services as a business; the Central Bank of Kuwait, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry and the Insurance Regulatory Unit reportedly issued similar circulars. Securities and other financial instruments regulated by the central bank and the authority are excluded. The Law Library of Congress had earlier recorded a Central Bank of Kuwait press release of 18 January 2018 under which financial institutions are prohibited from dealing in cryptocurrencies. We could not open the circular itself, so whether it binds individuals as well as regulated firms is not confirmed and holding is classed here as restricted; no rule found names privacy coins or mixers.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"reported","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://cointelegraph.com/news/crypto-kuwait-bans-crypto-and-virtual-assets-transactions https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llglrd/2021687419/2021687419.pdf","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"LV","name":"Latvia","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"LI","name":"Liechtenstein","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"Trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, under EU MiCA rules, applied in Liechtenstein since 1 February 2025.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":"2025-02-01","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3), pre-implemented by the EEA MiCA Implementation Act (EWR-MiCA-DG) from 1 February 2025 and part of the EEA Agreement since 24 June 2025","detail":"Liechtenstein's EEA MiCA Implementation Act (EWR-MiCA-DG) entered into force on 1 February 2025 and, according to the Financial Market Authority, pre-implemented MiCA, Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, until MiCA became part of the EEA Agreement through Joint Committee Decision No 041/2025, which entered into force on 24 June 2025; providers registered under the TVTG could continue without MiCA authorisation until 1 July 2026. Its Article 76(3) requires a trading platform's operating rules to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform can identify their holders and transaction history; it does not bar individuals from holding privacy coins. The EU AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624, which from 10 July 2027 bars crypto firms in the EU from keeping accounts that allow anonymisation, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, is still under scrutiny for incorporation into the EEA Agreement, so it does not yet apply to Liechtenstein. As exchange behaviour, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for clients registered in the EEA on 31 October 2024, citing regulatory changes. No rule aimed at mixers was found in the instruments checked.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://www.fma-li.li/en/financial-intermediaries/financial-institutions-division/activities-under-micar https://fma-li.li/en/supervision-regulation/fintech/micar https://www.efta.int/eea-lex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://www.efta.int/eea-lex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://support.kraken.com/gb/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"LT","name":"Lithuania","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"LU","name":"Luxembourg","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"MY","name":"Malaysia","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"Licensed crypto exchanges may not offer privacy tokens for trading, under Securities Commission guidelines in force since 20 May 2026.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":"2026-05-20","instrument":"Securities Commission Malaysia Guidelines on Recognized Markets, SC-GL/6-2015(R14-2026), paragraph 15.24","detail":"Paragraph 15.24 of the Securities Commission Malaysia Guidelines on Recognized Markets (SC-GL/6-2015(R14-2026), revised 20 May 2026) states that a digital asset exchange operator must not permit a privacy token to be offered for trading on its platforms. The accompanying guidance defines a privacy token as a digital token that is intended to enhance user anonymity and transaction confidentiality. The SC's summary of amendments describes paragraph 15.24 as a new requirement, introduced with a liberalised listing framework under which exchanges assess listings themselves instead of seeking SC concurrence. The rule binds registered exchanges; the guidelines contain no provision on individuals holding privacy coins or on mixers.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://www.sc.com.my/api/documentms/download.ashx?id=9e4d86cb-889d-412d-94ec-a19b8ac5f7d7 https://www.sc.com.my/api/documentms/download.ashx?id=7b4d57fe-ed3e-4dae-86c9-75a498099bf8 https://www.sc.com.my/api/documentms/download.ashx?id=84205acc-0fa4-48b4-91ec-36a9bb38c771","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"MT","name":"Malta","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"MX","name":"Mexico","level":"no-restriction-found","summary":"No privacy-coin rule found. A 2019 Banxico rule bars banks and fintechs from offering crypto services to clients; Bitso lists no privacy coins.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"allowed","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":null,"instrument":"Banco de México Circular 4/2019; LFPIORPI, art. 17, XVI (as amended on 16 July 2025)","detail":"Banco de México Circular 4/2019, published on 8 March 2019 and in force from the next day, lets banks and financial technology institutions use virtual assets only for internal operations with prior Banxico authorisation, and makes requests to provide clients with exchange, transmission or custody services ineligible (rule 3.a). Authorisation requests must describe protocol features that allow transactions to be followed and transaction records to be freely accessed (rule 6.a, IV, b); this concerns traceability but does not name or bar privacy coins. A decree published on 16 July 2025, in force the next day, amended the anti-money laundering law (LFPIORPI) so that platforms offering virtual asset exchange as a vulnerable activity must obtain, keep and make available accurate information on the originator, recipient and any beneficial owner of virtual asset operations (art. 17, XVI); it names no privacy coins or mixers. No rule was found that bars exchanges from listing privacy coins or that targets mixers, and on 13 October 2026 Bitso's public API showed no Monero, Zcash or Dash markets. Not checked: the general rules under the LFPIORPI, which the decree required to be updated within twelve months, the consolidated text of the law and any later amendments to the circular.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"unconfirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5552303&fecha=08/03/2019 https://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5763161&fecha=16/07/2025 https://api.bitso.com/v3/available_books/","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"MA","name":"Morocco","level":"crypto-ban","summary":"Morocco's exchange office says crypto transactions breach exchange rules; a bill to regulate crypto-assets was still under review in July 2026.","holding":"restricted","exchanges":"effectively-barred","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":"2017-11-20","instrument":"Office des Changes press release on the use of virtual currencies, 20 November 2017","detail":"The Law Library of Congress cites an Office des Changes press release of 20 November 2017 ('Mise au point au sujet de l'utilisation des monnaies virtuelles') informing the public that transactions conducted using virtual currencies violate Morocco's foreign exchange regulations and are subject to penalties and fines. A draft crypto-asset law, Bill 42.25, prepared by the Ministry of Economy and Finance with Bank Al-Maghrib and the capital market authority (AMMC), was published in November 2025; the Law Library of Congress describes it as moving beyond the longstanding prohibition under foreign exchange rules. The Law Library of Congress reported in March 2026 that the bill had not been enacted, and Morocco World News reported on 22 July 2026 that it was still under review with no firm date for submission to Parliament; we found no report of its enactment since. We could not open the 2017 press release or the bill, so we could not check whether the bill would restrict anonymity-enhanced coins, and no rule in force names privacy coins or mixers.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"reported","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llglrd/2021687419/2021687419.pdf https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2026/03/recent-legal-developments-in-cryptocurrency-and-virtual-asset-regulation-in-uae-jordan-and-morocco/ https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/07/330814/bam-confirms-progress-on-crypto-law-to-curb-moroccos-growing-underground-market/","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"NP","name":"Nepal","level":"crypto-ban","summary":"Nepal's central bank says buying, holding, using or mining any crypto breaches foreign exchange law, so privacy coins are caught too.","holding":"banned","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":"2021-09-09","instrument":"Nepal Rastra Bank notices under section 12 of the Foreign Exchange (Regulation) Act 2019 BS, latest published 3 April 2023","detail":"A Nepal Rastra Bank Foreign Exchange Management Department notice published on 3 April 2023 (2079/12/20 in the Bikram Sambat calendar), issued under section 12 of the Foreign Exchange (Regulation) Act 2019 BS, states that transactions in virtual currency or cryptocurrency (including stablecoins), NFTs, digital assets and decentralised finance breach that Act and the Act Restricting Investment Abroad 2021 BS. It warns that residents, Nepali citizens abroad and Nepal-registered firms found using, investing in, acquiring ownership of, transferring, remitting, exchanging or mining such assets will face action under existing law. The notice restates earlier notices, including one on cryptocurrency transactions dated 2078/05/24 BS (posted on 9 September 2021) and one on Bitcoin from 2074 BS (2017). It names decentralised finance but not privacy coins or mixers, which fall under the general prohibition. A search of the central bank's website found no later notice on crypto.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://www.nrb.org.np/fxm/cryptocurrency-network-marketing-%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%a5%e0%a4%be-hyper-fund-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%ac%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%97%e0%a5%88%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%82/ https://www.nrb.org.np/?s=cryptocurrency","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"NL","name":"Netherlands","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"Trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and a Dutch court convicted a Tornado Cash developer in 2024.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"sanctioned-or-prosecuted","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"MiCA Article 76(3) (EU); Rechtbank Oost-Brabant judgment of 14 May 2024, ECLI:NL:RBOBR:2024:2069 (Tornado Cash)","detail":"As an EU member, the Netherlands applies MiCA Article 76(3), which since 30 December 2024 has required trading platforms to refuse crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless holders and transaction history can be identified, and from 10 July 2027 Article 79 of the AML Regulation bars crypto firms from keeping accounts that allow anonymisation through anonymity-enhancing coins; this review found no Dutch statute that bans holding privacy coins or using mixers. On 14 May 2024 the Rechtbank Oost-Brabant convicted Tornado Cash developer Alexey Pertsev of money laundering and imposed 64 months' imprisonment, finding that the tool combined maximum anonymity and optimal concealment techniques with a serious lack of features enabling identification, control or detection (ECLI:NL:RBOBR:2024:2069). Press reports say he was released under electronic monitoring on 7 February 2025 and that his appeal was still pending in October 2026; no appeal ruling in the case had appeared in the judiciary's open data by 13 October 2026. The FIOD and the Public Prosecution Service also took the Sinbad.io mixer offline on 27 November 2023, seizing its servers in the Netherlands and Finland, and the FIOD worked closely with German authorities on the April 2025 shutdown of the swapping service eXch.","group":"eu","inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://data.rechtspraak.nl/uitspraken/content?id=ECLI:NL:RBOBR:2024:2069 https://data.rechtspraak.nl/uitspraken/zoeken?creator=http://standaarden.overheid.nl/owms/terms/Gerechtshof_%27s-Hertogenbosch&subject=http://psi.rechtspraak.nl/rechtsgebied%23strafrecht&date=2025-01-01&date=2026-10-13&max=1000&return=DOC https://fiod.nl/?p=5231 https://www.bka.de/DE/Presse/Listenseite_Pressemitteilungen/2025/Presse2025/250509_exch_abgeschaltet.html https://www.theblock.co/post/339401/tornado-cash-developer-alexey-pertsev-gets-nod-for-conditional-release-from-prison-to-work-on-appeal https://decrypt.co/380260/prosecutors-cite-bitcoin-fog-ruling-against-roman-storms-venue-challenge https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"NZ","name":"New Zealand","level":"no-restriction-found","summary":"No New Zealand rule singles out privacy coins or mixers; crypto firms handling them face the usual anti-money-laundering checks.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"allowed","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":null,"instrument":null,"detail":"Virtual asset service providers must comply with the Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Financing of Terrorism Act 2009, and no provision was found that names privacy coins, mixers or tumblers. The AML/CFT reform Cabinet papers proactively released on 19 September 2025 and 12 December 2025 propose banning crypto ATMs and barring businesses from accepting more than NZ$5,000 in cash for an international funds transfer, through an AML/CFT (Omnibus) Amendment Bill that the Ministry of Justice said in July 2026 was due to be introduced in mid-2026; neither release contains a measure on privacy coins or mixers. Two amendment Acts passed on 18 May 2026 eased compliance duties and made the Department of Internal Affairs the sole AML/CFT supervisor from 1 July 2026, and the Ministry's summary of them mentions no privacy-coin measure. Checked: the Ministry of Justice AML/CFT and legislative changes pages and both Cabinet paper releases; the Department of Internal Affairs, FMA and New Zealand Legislation websites could not be reached for this check.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"unconfirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://www.justice.govt.nz/justice-sector-policy/key-initiatives/aml-cft/ https://www.justice.govt.nz/justice-sector-policy/key-initiatives/aml-cft/legislate-changes/ https://www.justice.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/AML_CFTReform_Worksteams2and3_Full-Pack_FINAL_Redacted.pdf https://www.justice.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/AML_CFT-Reform-Workstream-2-3-tranche-2.pdf","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"NG","name":"Nigeria","level":"no-restriction-found","summary":"No Nigerian rule singles out privacy coins or mixers; crypto firms are overseen by the SEC and the CBN, and banks may open accounts for them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"allowed","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":null,"instrument":null,"detail":"The Investments and Securities Act 2025, assented to on 25 March 2025, empowers the SEC to register and regulate virtual asset service providers, and neither it nor the SEC's 2022 Rules on Issuance, Offering Platforms and Custody of Digital Assets mentions privacy coins, anonymity-enhancing features or mixers. The CBN letter of 5 February 2021 (BSD/DIR/PUB/LAB/014/001) reminded banks and other regulated institutions that dealing in or facilitating payments for cryptocurrency is prohibited; it was addressed to financial institutions rather than individuals, and the CBN later issued Guidelines on Operations of Bank Accounts for Virtual Assets Service Providers (FPR/DIR/PUB/CIR/002/003), dated 2 January 2024 in its circulars listing. The Presidential Executive Order on Virtual Assets Coordination, 2026, announced on 17 July 2026, set up a Virtual Asset Council chaired by the CBN and assigns registration of payment, settlement and custody services for non-security virtual assets to the CBN and of securities-type activity to the SEC; the State House release describes no privacy-coin measure. On 13 October 2026 Quidax, one of the two exchanges in the SEC's Accelerated Regulatory Incubation Program, quoted live Dash pairs but had no Monero or Zcash market, and Busha, the other, listed no privacy coins.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://sec.gov.ng/documents/1319/Investments_and_Securities_Act_2025_x9rSXtI.pdf https://sec.gov.ng/documents/8/Rules-on-Issuance-Offering-and-Custody-of-Digital-Assets.pdf https://www.cbn.gov.ng/api/GetAllCirculars https://www.cbn.gov.ng/api/GetAllCirculars https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-signs-executive-order-on-virtual-assets-establishes-council-to-harmonise-regulation-of-digital-economy/ https://sec.gov.ng/fintech-and-innovation-hub-finport/registered-fintech-operators/ https://app.quidax.io/api/v1/markets https://app.quidax.io/api/v1/markets/tickers/dashngn https://api.busha.co/v1/pairs","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"NO","name":"Norway","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"Trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, under EU MiCA rules applied in Norway by law since 1 July 2025.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":"2025-07-01","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3), made Norwegian law by the Act of 27 May 2025 No. 20 on crypto-assets (kryptoeiendelsloven)","detail":"MiCA, Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, became part of the EEA Agreement through Joint Committee Decision No 041/2025 of 20 February 2025, which entered into force on 24 June 2025 after Norway met its constitutional requirements on 10 June 2025, and section 1 of Norway's Act of 27 May 2025 No. 20 on crypto-assets (kryptoeiendelsloven) gives MiCA the force of law from 1 July 2025. Its Article 76(3) requires a trading platform's operating rules to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform can identify their holders and transaction history; it does not bar individuals from holding privacy coins, and virtual currency exchange and custody providers registered under the old regime could continue until 30 December 2025 at the latest. The EU AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624, which from 10 July 2027 bars crypto firms in the EU from keeping accounts that allow anonymisation, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, is still under scrutiny for incorporation into the EEA Agreement, so it does not yet apply to Norway. As exchange behaviour, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for clients registered in the EEA on 31 October 2024, citing regulatory changes. No rule aimed at mixers was found in the instruments checked.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2025-05-27-20 https://www.finanstilsynet.no/tema/kryptoeiendeler-mica/ https://www.efta.int/eea-lex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://www.efta.int/eea-lex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://support.kraken.com/gb/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"PK","name":"Pakistan","level":"no-restriction-found","summary":"No outright bar: since 21 August 2026 licensed firms may handle privacy coins only if they can meet every anti-money-laundering duty.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"allowed","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":"2026-08-21","instrument":"Pakistan Virtual Asset Services Regulations, 2026 (S.R.O. 1419(I)/2026), regulation 97(2), made under the Virtual Assets Act, 2026","detail":"Regulation 97(2) of the Pakistan Virtual Asset Services Regulations, 2026 (S.R.O. 1419(I)/2026, notified on 21 August 2026 under the Virtual Assets Act, 2026) lets a licensee deal in virtual assets with anonymity-enhancing or privacy-enhancing features only where it can meet all AML/CFT/CPF obligations, including customer due diligence, monitoring, sanctions screening and the Travel Rule, and says it shall not provide services in them where it cannot. Regulation 12(3) of the Activity Specific Regulations, 2026 (S.R.O. 1420(I)/2026) allows the Pakistan Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority (PVARA) to restrict, prohibit or impose conditions on transfers involving privacy-enhancing technologies, anonymising protocols and mixers; no direction under it was found on PVARA's website on 13 October 2026. The Act requires a licence for virtual asset services, and no provision was found that bars individuals from holding privacy coins. Firms operating on or before 5 March 2026 had until 5 September 2026 to apply for a no-objection certificate, so licensed exchange practice is not yet established.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://pvara.gov.pk/documents/Pakistan%20Virtual%20Asset%20Services%20Regulations,%202026%20-%20Notified%2021%20August%202026.pdf https://pvara.gov.pk/documents/Pakistan%20Virtual%20Asset%20Services%20Activity%20Specific%20Regulations,%202026%20-%20Notified%2021%20August%202026.pdf https://pvara.gov.pk/documents/Virtual%20assets%20Act%202026%20passed%20by%20NA.pdf https://pvara.gov.pk/","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"PH","name":"Philippines","level":"no-restriction-found","summary":"No privacy-coin rule found in the central bank's crypto rules, but the securities regulator's crypto rules could not be checked.","holding":"unknown","exchanges":"unknown","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":null,"instrument":"Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Circular No. 1108, Series of 2021 (Guidelines for Virtual Asset Service Providers)","detail":"Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Circular No. 1108 (Guidelines for Virtual Asset Service Providers, 26 January 2021) notes the higher degree of anonymity in virtual assets as a risk but contains no provision on privacy coins or mixers. The Coins.ph public market API, fetched on 13 October 2026, shows no Monero or Zcash pairs. The Securities and Exchange Commission's website, which publishes its rules for crypto-asset service providers, refused automated access, so those rules were not checked.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"unconfirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Regulations/Issuances/2021/1108.pdf https://api.pro.coins.ph/openapi/v1/exchangeInfo","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"PL","name":"Poland","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"PT","name":"Portugal","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"QA","name":"Qatar","level":"crypto-ban","summary":"Qatar bars its banks from dealing in crypto and bars crypto services in the Qatar Financial Centre, privacy coins included.","holding":"restricted","exchanges":"effectively-barred","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":"2018-02-02","instrument":"Qatar Central Bank Circular No. 6/2018; Qatar Financial Centre bar on cryptocurrency-related activities","detail":"The Law Library of Congress cites Qatar Central Bank Circular No. 6/2018 of 2 February 2018, which effectively prohibits all banks operating in Qatar from dealing in cryptocurrencies, with penalties for violators, and reports that the Qatar Financial Centre bars cryptocurrency-related activities, including exchanges, within the centre. These measures target banks and Qatar Financial Centre firms; no rule addressed to individual holders was found, so holding is classed here as restricted. We could not open the circular or the Qatar Financial Centre rules directly (the centre's regulator refused automated requests) or check for 2025 or 2026 changes. No rule found names privacy coins or mixers.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"reported","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llglrd/2021687419/2021687419.pdf","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"RO","name":"Romania","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"RU","name":"Russia","level":"no-restriction-found","summary":"Russia's 2026 crypto law has no rule on privacy coins, but ordinary investors may only buy coins on a Bank of Russia list.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"allowed","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":null,"instrument":"Federal Law No. 282-FZ of 4 August 2026 on digital currencies and digital rights","detail":"Federal Law No. 282-FZ of 4 August 2026 on digital currencies and digital rights, in force since 1 September 2026, contains no provision on privacy or anonymity-enhanced coins; a keyword search of the officially published text found none, and its Article 35 instead requires intermediaries to screen coins and addresses for links to activity that carries criminal or administrative liability, before each transaction or within three working days after it. Under Article 31, non-qualified investors may buy only coins admitted to public trading, which requires a place on a Bank of Russia list limited, apart from temporary additions of up to six months, to coins averaging over 5 trillion roubles in market capitalisation and over 1 trillion roubles in daily trading volume over the previous two years, while trading organisers may admit other coins for qualified investors; from 1 July 2027, Article 30 requires residents to deal through licensed intermediaries. Article 1(6) bars accepting crypto as payment for goods and services in Russia unless the law provides otherwise. The Bank of Russia's concept of 23 December 2025 proposed letting qualified investors buy any cryptocurrency except anonymous ones whose smart contracts conceal transfer information, but no such exclusion appears in the enacted law, which also contains no rule on mixers.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://rg.ru/documents/2026/08/11/fz282-dok.html https://cbr.ru/press/event/?id=28215","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"SA","name":"Saudi Arabia","level":"no-restriction-found","summary":"Not verified: no privacy-coin rule was found, but Saudi regulators' statements on crypto could not be located for this update.","holding":"unknown","exchanges":"unknown","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":null,"instrument":null,"detail":"The Saudi Central Bank (SAMA) and Capital Market Authority websites were reachable on 13 October 2026, but no statement on virtual assets or privacy coins could be located through them for this update. Holding, exchange and mixer positions are therefore unknown, and whether any general restriction on crypto trading applies was not confirmed either way.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"unconfirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":null,"selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"SG","name":"Singapore","level":"no-restriction-found","summary":"No rule bars privacy coins; licensed crypto firms must treat privacy coins and mixers as signs of higher money-laundering risk.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"allowed","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":null,"instrument":"MAS Notice PSN02 and Guidelines to MAS Notice PSN02 (revised 30 June and 1 July 2025)","detail":"The Monetary Authority of Singapore's Guidelines to MAS Notice PSN02 (last revised 1 July 2025) list customers' use of mixers, tumblers or other anonymity-enhancing technologies as a risk factor and say anonymising features such as tumblers, mixers and privacy coins should at minimum be treated as indicators of higher-risk transactions. MAS Notice PSN02 (last revised 30 June 2025) requires licensed digital payment token service providers to pay special attention to technologies that favour anonymity and forbids anonymous accounts, but neither document prohibits privacy coins or mixers. Singapore exchange listings were not checked for this update.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://www.mas.gov.sg/-/media/amld-amendments---30-june-2025/guidelines-to-mas-notice-psn02.pdf https://www.mas.gov.sg/-/media/amld-amendments---30-june-2025/mas-notice-psn02.pdf","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":"MAS Notice PSN02's travel rule covers value transfers between ordering and beneficiary institutions; for transfers to or from other wallets, including customers' personal wallets, MAS expects enhanced risk mitigation, which can include having the customer demonstrate control by sending an amount the provider specifies.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://www.mas.gov.sg/-/media/amld-amendments---30-june-2025/mas-notice-psn02.pdf https://www.mas.gov.sg/-/media/amld-amendments---30-june-2025/guidelines-to-mas-notice-psn02.pdf https://help.hextrust.com/knowledge/ht-singapore-travel-rule","states":null},{"code":"SK","name":"Slovakia","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"SI","name":"Slovenia","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"ZA","name":"South Africa","level":"no-restriction-found","summary":"No South African rule singles out privacy coins or mixers; the local exchange VALR still offers Zcash and Dash trading.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"allowed","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":null,"instrument":null,"detail":"Crypto asset service providers are accountable institutions under item 22 of Schedule 1 to the Financial Intelligence Centre Act, and those giving financial services need an FSCA licence because General Notice 1350 of 2022 declared crypto assets a financial product under the FAIS Act, but no provision was found that bars privacy coins or mixers. The FIC's sector risk assessment of 1 April 2025 lists swapping into anonymity-enhanced or privacy coins, and funds sourced from mixing services or tumblers, as red-flag indicators to be weighed with other risk factors, not as prohibited activity, and the FIC's travel rule guidance PCC 61 of 30 March 2026 contains no privacy-coin rule. On 13 October 2026 VALR's public API showed active ZEC/USDC and DASH/USDC pairs while its Monero pairs were inactive, and Luno listed no privacy coins. Checked: the FIC crypto asset service provider page, sector risk assessment and PCC 61, and the FSCA declaration in Government Gazette No. 47334.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://www.fic.gov.za/accountable-institut/crypto-asset-service-providers/ https://www.fic.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/2025.3-PUB-Sector-risk-assessment-%E2%80%93-Crypto-asset-service-providers-1.pdf https://www.fic.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/2026.3-PCC-_Travel-Rule-for-CASPS.pdf https://archive.gazettes.africa/archive/za/2022/za-government-gazette-dated-2022-10-19-no-47334.pdf https://api.valr.com/v1/public/pairs https://api.luno.com/api/1/tickers","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"KR","name":"South Korea","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"Korean exchanges must not handle coins built to hide their transfer records, a rule in force since 25 March 2021; individuals may still hold them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":"2021-03-25","instrument":"Regulation on Reporting and Supervision of Specified Financial Transaction Information, Article 28, item 2, made under Article 10-20, item 6 of the Enforcement Decree of the Act on Reporting and Using Specified Financial Transaction Information","detail":"Article 28, item 2 of the Regulation on Reporting and Supervision of Specified Financial Transaction Information, made under Article 10-20, item 6 of the Enforcement Decree of the Act on Reporting and Using Specified Financial Transaction Information, requires virtual asset service providers to check whether a coin has built-in technology that stops its transfer records being identified between addresses and, once aware of it, not to handle that coin. The Financial Services Commission announced this bar on so-called dark coins on 17 February 2021, the clause is in the version of the regulation in force from 25 March 2021, when the virtual asset anti-money-laundering regime took effect, and the same wording is in the version in force from 2 October 2026. The rule binds virtual asset service providers only, and no provision was found that stops individuals holding such coins. The market lists of Upbit, Bithumb, Coinone, Korbit and GOPAX fetched on 13 October 2026 include no Monero, Zcash or Dash. No mixer-specific sanction, prosecution or ban was found.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/admRulInfoP.do?admRulSeq=2100000285986&chrClsCd=010201 https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/admRulInfoP.do?admRulSeq=2100000199317&chrClsCd=010201 https://www.fsc.go.kr/no010101/75408 https://www.fsc.go.kr/eng/pr010101/75563 https://api.upbit.com/v1/market/all?isDetails=false https://api.bithumb.com/public/ticker/ALL_KRW https://api.coinone.co.kr/public/v2/markets/KRW https://api.korbit.co.kr/v2/currencyPairs https://api.gopax.co.kr/trading-pairs","selfHosted":"whitelist","selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":"Korea's travel rule requires exchanges to pass on sender and recipient details for transfers of KRW 1 million or more to other virtual asset service providers, and Upbit, the one exchange checked, allows withdrawals only to pre-registered addresses and registers a personal wallet only after an ownership check.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/lsLinkProc.do?lsNm=%ED%8A%B9%EC%A0%95%20%EA%B8%88%EC%9C%B5%EA%B1%B0%EB%9E%98%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4%EC%9D%98%20%EB%B3%B4%EA%B3%A0%20%EB%B0%8F%20%EC%9D%B4%EC%9A%A9%20%EB%93%B1%EC%97%90%20%EA%B4%80%ED%95%9C%20%EB%B2%95%EB%A5%A0%20%EC%8B%9C%ED%96%89%EB%A0%B9&joLnkStr=%EC%A0%9C10%EC%A1%B0%EC%9D%9810&mode=11 https://www.fsc.go.kr/no010101/87499 https://www.fsc.go.kr/comm/getFile?srvcId=BBSTY1&upperNo=87499&fileTy=ATTACH&fileNo=2 https://docs.upbit.com/kr/docs/open-api-withdraw-non-custodial-wallet https://docs.upbit.com/kr/docs/digital-asset-withdrawal.md https://www.fsc.go.kr/no010101/75408 https://www.ajunews.com/view/20220324143028647","states":null},{"code":"ES","name":"Spain","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"SE","name":"Sweden","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"EU trading platforms may not list privacy coins whose holders cannot be identified, and from 10 July 2027 crypto firms may not offer accounts using them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":"2024-12-30","instrument":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), Article 76(3); Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AML Regulation), Article 79(1) from 10 July 2027","detail":"Article 76(3) of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, applicable since 30 December 2024, requires the operating rules of a trading platform to prevent the admission to trading of crypto-assets with an inbuilt anonymisation function unless the platform operator can identify their holders and transaction history; the provision binds trading platform operators only, and under Article 143(3) firms serving clients under older national regimes could continue only until 1 July 2026 at the latest. From 10 July 2027, Article 79(1) of the AML Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 reaches all crypto-asset service providers, not only trading platforms: it prohibits them, along with credit and financial institutions, from keeping anonymous crypto-asset accounts or any account allowing the anonymisation or increased obfuscation of transactions, including through anonymity-enhancing coins, which the Regulation defines as crypto-assets with built-in features designed to make crypto-asset transfer information anonymous, either systematically or optionally. Neither instrument bars individuals from holding privacy coins in their own wallets, and recital 160 of the AML Regulation says the prohibition does not apply to providers of hardware, software or self-hosted wallets that have no access to or control over those wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 has applied the travel rule to crypto-asset transfers since 30 December 2024 and, in recital 17, describes transfers involving privacy wallets, mixers or tumblers as carrying specific high-risk factors. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken halted Monero trading and deposits for EEA clients on 31 October 2024, saying regulatory changes left it no choice.","group":"eu","inherited":true,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1114 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32024R1624 https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32023R1113 https://support.kraken.com/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":"EUR 1,000","selfHostedSince":"2024-12-30","selfHostedRule":"Since 30 December 2024, EU crypto-asset service providers must collect originator and beneficiary information from their customer for every transfer to or from a self-hosted address and, above EUR 1,000, assess whether the address is owned or controlled by that customer.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113 https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-07/6de6e9b9-0ed9-49cd-985d-c0834b5b4356/Travel%20Rule%20Guidelines.pdf https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/eba-issues-travel-rule-guidance-tackle-money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-transfers-funds-and","states":null},{"code":"CH","name":"Switzerland","level":"mixers-targeted","summary":"No Swiss rule bars privacy coins, but Zurich police and prosecutors, with German authorities, shut down the Cryptomixer mixing service in November 2025.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"allowed","mixers":"sanctioned-or-prosecuted","effectiveFrom":null,"instrument":"Zurich police and Public Prosecutor's Office takedown of Cryptomixer (24 to 28 November 2025); FINMA Guidance 02/2019","detail":"No Swiss statute or FINMA rule found in this review bars holding privacy coins or listing them. FINMA Guidance 02/2019 of 26 August 2019 applies Article 10 AMLO-FINMA, which requires information on the client and the beneficiary to travel with payment orders, to blockchain transfers, so until a supervised firm can exchange that information it may only send to or receive from external wallets proven to belong to its own customers or to third parties it has identified. From 24 to 28 November 2025, Zurich City Police, Zurich Cantonal Police and the Public Prosecutor's Office Zurich, working with Germany's Federal Criminal Police Office and Frankfurt prosecutors and supported by Europol and Eurojust, took down the Cryptomixer mixing service, which Europol said was suspected of facilitating cybercrime and money laundering, seizing three servers in Switzerland, the cryptomixer.io domain and more than EUR 25 million in Bitcoin.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://www.europol.europa.eu/media-press/newsroom/news/europol-and-partners-shut-down-cryptomixer https://www.finma.ch/en/~/media/finma/dokumente/dokumentencenter/myfinma/4dokumentation/finma-aufsichtsmitteilungen/20190826-finma-aufsichtsmitteilung-02-2019.pdf","selfHosted":"ownership-proof","selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":"2019-08-26","selfHostedRule":"Under FINMA Guidance 02/2019, a Swiss supervised firm that cannot send and receive travel rule information may transfer to or from an external wallet only if the wallet belongs to its own customer, or to a third party it has identified, and ownership is proven using suitable technical means.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://www.finma.ch/en/~/media/finma/dokumente/dokumentencenter/myfinma/4dokumentation/finma-aufsichtsmitteilungen/20190826-finma-aufsichtsmitteilung-02-2019.pdf https://bfadmin.cdbf.ch/Serveur/documents/7278 https://www.dukascopy.com/swiss/english/crypto/sign-message/?p=DFT","states":null},{"code":"TW","name":"Taiwan","level":"no-restriction-found","summary":"No privacy-coin rule found, and Taiwan's 2026 licensing law, not yet in force, does not single them out; local exchanges checked do not list them.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"allowed","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":null,"instrument":null,"detail":"No Taiwanese law or Financial Supervisory Commission (FSC) rule was found that bars privacy coins, and individuals may hold them. The Virtual Asset Service Act, promulgated on 22 July 2026 and not yet in force (the Executive Yuan will set the start date), requires trading platforms to set listing and delisting review standards under rules the FSC will issue (Article 25) but does not single out privacy coins. The FSC's VASP Guiding Principles of 26 September 2023 require listing reviews to cover compliance with laws such as the Money Laundering Control Act, and the anti-money-laundering regulations for virtual asset service providers (amended 26 November 2024) require customer identification, but neither excludes any type of coin. The market lists of MAX and BitoPro fetched on 13 October 2026 include no Monero, Zcash or Dash. No mixer-specific sanction or ban was found.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"unconfirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=G0400163 https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=G0380268 https://www.fsc.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=96&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=news_view.jsp&dataserno=202309260005&dtable=News https://www.fsc.gov.tw/uploaddowndoc?file=news/202309261537330.pdf&filedisplay=%E9%99%84%E4%BB%B6-%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E7%9B%A3%E7%9D%A3%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E8%B3%87%E7%94%A2%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0%E5%8F%8A%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%A5%AD%E5%8B%99%E4%BA%8B%E6%A5%AD%EF%BC%88VASP%EF%BC%89%E6%8C%87%E5%B0%8E%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87.pdf&flag=doc https://max-api.maicoin.com/api/v2/markets https://api.bitopro.com/v3/provisioning/trading-pairs","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"TH","name":"Thailand","level":"no-restriction-found","summary":"Not verified: the Thai exchange Bitkub has stopped Monero, Zcash and Dash trading, but no rule requiring this could be confirmed.","holding":"unknown","exchanges":"unknown","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":null,"instrument":null,"detail":"Bitkub's public market API, fetched on 13 October 2026, lists the XMR/THB, ZEC/THB and DASH/THB pairs as stopped with buying and selling frozen; the pairs were created in February and April 2020, and the API does not show when or why trading stopped. The Securities and Exchange Commission's website (sec.or.th) refused automated access on 13 October 2026, so its digital asset listing rules could not be checked for a privacy-coin provision. Holding, exchange and mixer positions are therefore recorded as unknown.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"unconfirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://api.bitkub.com/api/v3/market/symbols","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"TN","name":"Tunisia","level":"crypto-ban","summary":"Tunisia restricts cryptocurrency and its central bank does not recognise it as payment, so privacy coins face the same limits.","holding":"restricted","exchanges":"effectively-barred","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":null,"instrument":"Central Bank of Tunisia press release on cryptocurrencies (undated)","detail":"The Law Library of Congress lists Tunisia in its strictest category ('absolute ban'), citing an undated Central Bank of Tunisia press release stating that the bank does not recognise or deal in cryptocurrencies as a form of payment, and a May 2021 press report of a 17-year-old arrested in Tunisia for using cryptocurrency in an online activity. The report does not identify a statute naming crypto, and no start date is recorded. We could not open the central bank release or check for 2025 or 2026 changes. No rule found names privacy coins or mixers.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"reported","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llglrd/2021687419/2021687419.pdf","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"TR","name":"Turkey","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"Licensed Turkish crypto platforms may not list coins that hide wallet addresses in transfers, a rule in force since 30 June 2025.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":"2025-06-30","instrument":"Capital Markets Board Communiqué III-35/B.2 on crypto asset service providers, Article 21(1)(d)","detail":"Article 21(1)(d) of the Capital Markets Board's Communiqué III-35/B.2 on the working procedures, principles and capital adequacy of crypto asset service providers, published in Official Gazette No. 32840 on 13 March 2025 and applying from 30 June 2025 under its Article 55, requires crypto assets listed on licensed platforms not to be of a kind that allows transfers that hide wallet addresses, and Article 22(1)(e) makes the traceability of crypto asset transactions one of the factors in each platform's written listing procedure. The rule governs what platforms may list and does not bar individuals from holding such coins. The Central Bank's Regulation on the Disuse of Crypto Assets in Payments, in force since 30 April 2021, bars using crypto assets directly or indirectly in payments and bars payment and e-money institutions from intermediating for crypto platforms, but does not bar holding or trading. Neither instrument mentions mixers.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2025/03/20250313-6.htm https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/04/20210416-4.htm","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"UA","name":"Ukraine","level":"no-restriction-found","summary":"Ukraine has no rule on privacy coins, and its 2022 virtual assets law has still not entered into force.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"allowed","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":null,"instrument":"Law of Ukraine No. 2074-IX on virtual assets of 17 February 2022 (not in force)","detail":"Ukraine's Law No. 2074-IX on virtual assets of 17 February 2022 takes effect only when amendments to the Tax Code on the taxation of virtual asset transactions take effect, and the official legislation portal still listed it as not in force on 13 October 2026, with its current text dated 15 November 2024. The law contains no provision on privacy coins, anonymity or mixers. With no virtual asset licensing regime in force, this review found no Ukrainian rule that bars individuals from holding privacy coins or service providers from offering them, though it could not read the full text of the anti-money laundering law (No. 361-IX) or track 2025 and 2026 bills.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2074-20","selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null},{"code":"AE","name":"United Arab Emirates","level":"exchange-ban","summary":"Licensed crypto firms in Dubai, including the DIFC financial centre, may not deal in privacy coins, under rules in force since 2022 and 2023.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"barred","mixers":"banned","effectiveFrom":"2022-11-01","instrument":"Dubai VARA Virtual Assets and Related Activities Regulations 2023 (prohibition on Anonymity-Enhanced Cryptocurrencies); DFSA General Module rule GEN 3A.2.2 (DIFC)","detail":"Dubai's Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority (VARA) states in its Virtual Asset Issuance Rulebook of 7 February 2023 that, as specified in the Virtual Assets and Related Activities Regulations 2023, issuing Anonymity-Enhanced Cryptocurrencies and all virtual asset activities related to them are prohibited in the Emirate. In the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC), rule GEN 3A.2.2 of the Dubai Financial Services Authority (DFSA) General Module, in force since 1 November 2022 and last amended from 12 January 2026, says a person must not carry on a financial service relating to a Privacy Token or one that involves the use of a Privacy Device, and DFSA guidance treats tokens with optional privacy features as Privacy Tokens. Both rules apply to licensed and regulated activity, and the DIFC rule on Privacy Devices covers tools for hiding or preventing the tracing of transactions; no rule was found that stops individuals holding privacy coins in their own wallets. The VARA rulebook opened is the February 2023 version, because VARA's current rulebook pages refused automated access on 13 October 2026, and Abu Dhabi Global Market and federal rules were not re-checked for this update.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://rulebooks.vara.ae/sites/default/files/en_net_file_store/VARA_EN_293_VER1.pdf https://dfsaen.thomsonreuters.com/rulebook/gen-3a22 https://dfsaen.thomsonreuters.com/rulebook/gen-3a22-guidance","selfHosted":"declaration","selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":"2026-02-24","selfHostedRule":"Under the UAE virtual asset travel rule issued with Cabinet Decision No. 134 of 2025, Dubai's VARA requires licensed firms to apply enhanced due diligence, including additional customer identification and source-of-funds verification, to transfers involving unhosted wallets, and to decline, delay or return a transfer where information is missing or risks cannot be mitigated.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://media.umbraco.io/dwtc/hhebemw5/circular-to-vasp-travel-rule-ardocx.pdf https://rulebooks.vara.ae/node/146 https://assets.adgm.com/download/assets/FCCP+Notice+No.+172+of+2025+%E2%80%93+Update+on+the+UAE+Federal+AMLCFT+Legislative+Framework.pdf/9c2bb5f2d4be11f0b290ee95f3fd0371","states":null},{"code":"GB","name":"United Kingdom","level":"no-restriction-found","summary":"No UK rule bars privacy coins, though Kraken reportedly stopped Monero trading for UK clients in 2021, citing UK regulatory requirements.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"allowed","mixers":"no-specific-rule","effectiveFrom":null,"instrument":"Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2022 (travel rule); FCA Consultation Paper CP25/41 (December 2025)","detail":"No UK statute or FCA rule found in this review bars individuals from holding privacy coins or registered firms from offering them: in Consultation Paper CP25/41 of December 2025 the FCA said its crypto remit is currently limited to overseeing how cryptoassets are promoted and to anti-money laundering, counter-terrorist financing and proliferation financing standards, and the admissions, disclosures and market abuse rules it proposes contain no rule on privacy coins. The same paper says the government laid the draft Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Cryptoassets) Regulations 2025 before Parliament in December 2025 to bring cryptoassets within the FCA's regulatory remit. Since 1 September 2023, when regulation 5 (cryptoasset transfers) of the Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2022 came into force, registered firms have had to collect, verify and share information on the sender and recipient of crypto transfers. As exchange behaviour rather than law, Kraken stopped Monero trading for UK clients in November 2021 while leaving withdrawals open; the alleged text of a client letter, posted online and reported by ForkLog, said this was to comply with UK regulatory requirements. No rule aimed at mixers was found in the instruments checked, and this review did not run a wider search for UK mixer prosecutions.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://www.fca.org.uk/publication/consultation/cp25-41.pdf https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2022/860/regulation/1/made https://forklog.com/en/?p=53232","selfHosted":"declaration","selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":"2023-09-01","selfHostedRule":"Since 1 September 2023, UK cryptoasset firms may request originator or beneficiary information from their own customer for transfers to or from unhosted wallets, deciding on a risk basis, and must not make the cryptoassets available to the beneficiary if information they requested is not provided.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2017/692/regulation/64G https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2022/860/regulation/5/made https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2026/621/regulation/33/made https://www.jmlsg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/JMLSG-Guidance-Part-II_June-2023_updated-Dec-2025.pdf https://www.fca.org.uk/news/statements/fca-sets-out-expectations-uk-cryptoasset-businesses-complying-travel-rule","states":null},{"code":"US","name":"United States","level":"mixers-targeted","summary":"No federal rule bars privacy coins, but mixer developers have been prosecuted and Tornado Cash was under US sanctions from 2022 to 2025.","holding":"legal","exchanges":"allowed","mixers":"sanctioned-or-prosecuted","effectiveFrom":null,"instrument":"OFAC sanctions on Tornado Cash (2022 to 2025); DOJ prosecutions under 18 U.S.C. § 1960","detail":"No federal law or regulator rule bars individuals from holding privacy coins or exchanges from listing them: on 13 October 2026 the public APIs of Coinbase and Gemini showed Zcash (ZEC) markets, Coinbase returned no XMR-USD market, Kraken's API showed XMR and ZEC pairs online, and Kraken's country restrictions page (updated 30 September 2026) set no US limit on either coin. OFAC designated the Tornado Cash mixer on 8 August 2022 and removed it on 21 March 2025, after the Fifth Circuit held in Van Loon v. Department of the Treasury (26 November 2024) that its immutable smart contracts are not property that can be blocked under IEEPA. Criminal cases against mixer developers continue: Roman Storm of Tornado Cash was convicted on 6 August 2025 of conspiring to operate an unlicensed money transmitting business, and his retrial on the undecided money laundering and sanctions counts was reported in August 2026 as postponed to 26 April 2027 while his motion for acquittal is pending; the two Samourai Wallet founders were sentenced in November 2025 to five and four years for a money transmitting conspiracy that knowingly moved criminal proceeds. A Deputy Attorney General memo of 7 April 2025 said the Justice Department would no longer target mixing and tumbling services for the acts of their end users or unwitting regulatory violations, except where that fits its stated priorities, and told prosecutors not to charge regulatory violations such as unlicensed money transmitting under 18 U.S.C. § 1960(b)(1)(A) and (B) without evidence of a wilful violation; it does not name the (b)(1)(C) limb on transmitting criminal proceeds. FinCEN announced on 5 October 2026, and the Federal Register published on 6 October 2026, the withdrawal of its 2023 proposal to treat international mixing as a class of transactions of primary money laundering concern.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"confirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":"https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0916 https://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/23/23-50669-CV0.pdf https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0057 https://www.justice.gov/dag/media/1395781/dl?inline https://www.irs.gov/node/150161 https://cointelegraph.com/news/roman-storm-retrial-delayed-april-2027 https://www.irs.gov/node/153676 https://www.fincen.gov/news/news-releases/fincen-announces-withdrawals-proposed-digital-asset-related-rules https://www.federalregister.gov/api/v1/documents/2026-20429.json https://api.exchange.coinbase.com/products/ZEC-USD https://api.exchange.coinbase.com/products/XMR-USD https://api.gemini.com/v1/symbols https://api.kraken.com/0/public/AssetPairs https://support.kraken.com/articles/360000678446-cryptocurrencies-available-on-kraken https://support.kraken.com/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated","selfHosted":"none","selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":"No federal rule sets requirements for withdrawals to self-hosted wallets: the funds travel rule passes information between financial institutions on transmittals of USD 3,000 or more, and FinCEN withdrew its December 2020 unhosted-wallet proposal as of 6 October 2026.","selfHostedCheckedOn":"2026-10-20","selfHostedSources":"https://www.federalregister.gov/api/v1/documents/2026-20430.json https://www.fincen.gov/news/news-releases/fincen-announces-withdrawals-proposed-digital-asset-related-rules https://www.fincen.gov/sites/default/files/2019-05/FinCEN%20Guidance%20CVC%20FINAL%20508.pdf","states":"ZEC is not on the NYDFS Greenlist, which in its newest capture (2026-10-13) named only bitcoin, ether and six tokens approved for issuance in New York (four dollar stablecoins, a yen stablecoin and a gold token), and it was absent from the 2021 version too. DFS guidance of 2023-11-15 says a coin with features designed to facilitate the obfuscation or concealment of identity cannot be self-certified by a BitLicensee or New York trust company, which leaves DFS approval of a firm-specific application as the only route to list such a coin while it is off the Greenlist; DFS names no coins. Gemini, a New York limited purpose trust company, has offered ZEC since DFS authorised it to do so on 2018-05-14, and its US help centre list (updated 2026-10-05) flags no New York limit on ZEC, while Coinbase, which left New York out of its 2018 ZEC launch, was reported to have opened ZEC to New York residents on 2020-02-10. Kraken, Binance.US and OKX US do not serve New York residents, so none of the other six coins tracked here is available to New Yorkers on the exchanges checked."},{"code":"VN","name":"Vietnam","level":"no-restriction-found","summary":"Not verified: Vietnam's new rules for licensed crypto trading could not be checked for any privacy-coin provision.","holding":"unknown","exchanges":"unknown","mixers":"unknown","effectiveFrom":null,"instrument":null,"detail":"Official sources on Vietnam's crypto-asset framework, including Government Resolution 05/2025/NQ-CP on a pilot crypto-asset market, could not be retrieved for this update. No privacy-specific rule is recorded, and holding, exchange and mixer positions are unknown.","group":null,"inherited":false,"confidence":"unconfirmed","checkedOn":"2026-10-13","sources":null,"selfHosted":null,"selfHostedThreshold":null,"selfHostedSince":null,"selfHostedRule":null,"selfHostedCheckedOn":null,"selfHostedSources":null,"states":null}]}